Research progress on thermal protection materials and structures of hypersonic vehicles

Hypersonic vehicles represent future trends of military equipments and play an important role in future war. Thermal protection materials and structures, Which relate to the safety of hypersonic vehicles, are one of the most key techniques in design and manufacture of hypersonic vehicles. Among these materials and Structures, such as metallic temperature protection structure, the temperature ceramics and carbon/carbon composites are usually adopted in design. The recent progresses of research and applica- tion of ultra-high temperature materials in preparation, oxidation resistance, mechanical and physical characterization are summarized.     

Study of the aerodynamic characteristics of cone-sphere models in a hypersonic flow

The aerodynamic characteristics of cone-sphere models are studied at Mach numbers M = 6, 8.4, and 12 to 13 over a wide Reynolds number range. Models of a braking device (sphere) were connected with a load (frustum of a cone) by means of shrouds. The dependences of the aerodynamic coefficients C _x and C _y on the angle of attack α were obtained for different relative dimensions of the load and the braking device, shroud lengths, and Mach and Reynolds numbers. The effect of the above-mentioned parameters on the aerodynamic characteristics of the models is analyzed. The C _x (Re_D) dependences of load-parachutemodels in a symmetric flow are determined over the wide Mach and Reynolds number ranges 6 ≤ M ≤ 13 and 3 · 10³ ≤ Re_D ≤ 3 · 10⁶.     

Forebody compressibility research of hypersonic vehicle

IntroductionTheintegrateddesignofairframe propulsionofhypersonicvehicleisoneofthekeytechnologyfortheair_breathingenginehypersonicvehicles[1～4 ].Thepurposestodointegrateddesignofforebody inletaretoputtheforebodyasthepre_compressiveramp ,toprovideuniformflowfield ,whichmeanssmallpressureandvelocitygradient,smallorientalangleofgasflowandlowaverageMachnumberattheentryoftheinlet,andenoughfluxfortheinlet,furthermoretomeetthedesignrequestofinlet.Ontheotherhand ,itmustbenon_sensitivetotheMachnumbera…     

Regime diagram of the development of long-wave near-wall disturbances in a hypersonic boundary layer

A regime diagram of the development of slow near-wall disturbances induced by an unsteady self-induced pressure perturbation in a hypersonic boundary layer is constructed for a disturbance wavelength greater than the boundary layer thickness. It is shown that the main factors shaping the perturbed flow are the gas enthalpy near the body surface, the intensity of the viscous-inviscid interaction, and the nature (sub- or supersonic) of the main part of the boundary layer. Nonlinear boundary-value problems are formulated for regimes in which the near-wall boundary layer region plays a decisive role. Numerical and analytical solutions are obtained in the linear approximation. It is shown that intensification of the viscous-inviscid interaction or an increase in the role of the supersonic main region of the boundary layer impart generally supersonic properties to the main part of the boundary layer, i.e. the upstream propagation of the disturbances is damped and the disturbance growth downstream becomes more intense. Damping of the viscous-inviscid interaction and an increase in the role of the subsonic main part of the boundary layer have the opposite effect. Surface cooling increases the effect of the main part of the boundary layer on the formation of pressure disturbances and surface heating leads to an increase in the effect of the near-wall boundary layer region. It is also shown that for the regimes considered disturbances propagate in a direction opposite to that of the free stream from the turbulent flow region located downstream of the local disturbance development region.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, 2004, pp. 59–71. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Bogolepov and Neiland.     

Hypersonic Flow Past the Spherical Nose of a Body in the Presence of a Magnetic Field

The hypersonic flow past the nose of a spherical body containing current sources generating a magnetic field is investigated theoretically and numerically. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow is analyzed on the basis of the complete system of Navier-Stokes equations containing the force and thermal MHD terms and the electrodynamic equations. Local and integral thermal and aerodynamic characteristics of the body are found. It is shown that the presence of a magnetic field makes it possible to reduce the heat flow to the body in the neighborhood of the stagnation point by several times. However, in this case the total body drag increases.     

大霍尔系数下电离气体与磁场相互作用规律数值研究

通过洛伦兹力与焦耳热耦合流场N-S方程和电势场泊松方程, 实现对低磁雷诺数磁流体流场的数值模拟, 并考虑霍尔效应和外电路对计算结果的影响. 采用无虚拟时间步的LUSGS预处理BI-CGSTAB算法解决了大霍尔系数下泊松方程病态矩阵求解问题. 对霍尔系数10$^2$的量级的高超声速磁流体圆管绕流和进气道隔离段能量沉积两种现象的数值模拟表明, 外电路、电极冷却措施、等离子体均匀度对电磁力作用效果影响很大.      

Heating characteristics of blunt swept fin-induced shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction

An experimental study was conducted on shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions caused by a blunt swept fin-plate configuration at Mach numbers of 5.0, 7.8, 9.9 for a Reynolds number range of (1.0∼4.7)×10⁷/m. Detailed heat transfer and pressure distributions were measured at fin deflection angles of up to 30° for a sweepback angle of 67.6°. Surface oil flow patterns and liquid crystal thermograms as well as schlieren pictures of fin shock shape were taken. The study shows that the flow was separated at deflection of 10° and secondary separation were detected at deflection of ϑ≥20°. The heat transfer and pressure distributions on flat plate showed an extensive plateau region followed by a distinct dip and local peak close to the fin foot. Measurements of the plateau pressure and heat transfer were in good agreement with existing prediction methods, but pressure and heating peak measurements atM≥6 were significantly lower than predicted by the simple prediction techniques at lower Mach numbers. The project supported by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology     

三维N-S方程计算隐式有限体积法

利用NND有限差分格式，发展了一种新的完全隐式的有限体积数值方法，以求解与时间相关的N－S方程．对通过单元体界面的无粘流和粘性流通量均作隐式处理．对绕流钝锥体和不同攻角的气动辅助实验飞行器的高超声速粘性流和化学反应流获得了定常数值解．对流加热率和流场电子密度的计算值与实验数据进行了比较，符合较好，证实了本方法的精确性．     

再入湍流尾迹及其对雷达散射的影响研究

就高超声速再入体尾迹等离子体场而言,为进行其亚密湍流雷达散射截面的理论分析,提出了计算湍流尾迹脉动等离子体场强的理论模型及求解方法,即在研究高超声速尾迹流动特征的基础上,推导、使用包括化学组份浓度脉动强度的k－ε－g湍流模型,用以封闭高超声速粘性尾迹湍流运动时均控制方程组,并用全隐式有限差分法求解,算例小钝锥体的飞行条件为零攻角、M_∞＝21．3,Re_（∞D）＝1．33×10~6;M_∞＝20．5;Re_（∞D）＝3．22×10~5,计算结果得到了合理的参数分布;考虑电磁波在上述等离子体介质中的传播,以单电子多次散射模型─—畸变波Born近似方法,计算了湍流尾迹脉动等离子体雷达散射截面,给出散射能（RCS）在不同极化状态下的分布,分析了散射背景场脉动湍流对电磁波在其中传播的影响．     

AN EXPLICIT FINITE VOLUME SPATIAL MARCHING METHOD FOR REDUCED NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS

This paper develops a spatial marching method for high-speed flows based on a finite volume approach. The method employs the reduced Navier– Stokes equations and a pressure splitting in the streamwise direction based on the Vigneron strategy. For marching from an upstream station to one downstream the modified five-level Runge–Kutta integration scheme due to Jameson and Schmidt is used. In addition, for shock handling and for good convergence properties the method employs a matrix form of the artificial dissipation terms, which has been shown to improve the accuracy of predictions. To achieve a fast rate of convergence, a local time-stepping concept is used. The method retains the time derivative in the governing equations and the solution at every spatial station is obtained in an iterative manner. The developed method is validated against two test cases: (a) supersonic flow past a flat plate; and (b) hypersonic flow past a compression corner involving a strong viscous–inviscid interaction. The computed wall pressure and wall heat transfer coefficients exhibit good general agreement with previous computations by other investigators and with experiments.