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31.
ABSTRACT. Limiting adverse consequences of fishing on essential fish habitat has emerged as a key fishery management objective. The conventional approach to providing habitat protection is to create MPAs or marine reserves that prohibit all or certain types of fishing in specific areas. However, there may be more cost‐effective and flexible ways to provide habitat protection. We propose an individual habitat quota (IHQ) system for habitat conservation that would utilize economic incentives to achieve habitat conservation goals cost‐effectively. Individual quotas of habitat impact units (HIU) would be distributed to fishers with an aggregate quota set to maintain a target habitat “stock.” HIU use would be based on a proxy for marginal habitat damage. We use a dynamic, explicitly spatial fishery and habitat simulation model to explore how such a system might work. We examine how outcomes are affected by spatial heterogeneity in the fishery and the scale of habitat regulation. We find that the IHQ system is a highly cost‐effective means of ensuring a given level of habitat protection, but that spatial heterogeneity and the scale of regulation can have significant effects on the distribution of habitat protection. 相似文献
32.
本文采用文[1,2]中提出的平衡结构法研究子系统s≥3的非线性大系统在近平衡区内的稳定性;得到了判别这类大系统稳定性的两个一般性准则. 相似文献
33.
Zhangxin Chen 《Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations》2002,18(2):203-217
In this article we prove uniform convergence estimates for the recently developed Galerkin‐multigrid methods for nonconforming finite elements for second‐order problems with less than full elliptic regularity. These multigrid methods are defined in terms of the “Galerkin approach,” where quadratic forms over coarse grids are constructed using the quadratic form on the finest grid and iterated coarse‐to‐fine intergrid transfer operators. Previously, uniform estimates were obtained for problems with full elliptic regularity, whereas these estimates are derived with less than full elliptic regularity here. Applications to the nonconforming P1, rotated Q1, and Wilson finite elements are analyzed. The result applies to the mixed method based on finite elements that are equivalent to these nonconforming elements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 203–217, 2002; DOI 10.1002/num.10004 相似文献
34.
本文在弱闪烁条件下,利用广泛适用于星际闪烁、行星际闪烁和电离层闪烁的薄相屏理论,以行星际闪烁为算例,对薄相屏闪烁进行了数值分析。结果表明:垂直于介质运动方向上的不规则结构的大小对闪烁有着重要的影响,直接表现在频谱的变化趋势和振荡幅度的不同。尤其是当小于Fresnel尺度时,数值计算表明此时没有闪烁发生。 相似文献
35.
报导一种全新冷却方式的双椭圆泵浦腔,具有较高的泵浦效率和光学均匀性。1.06μm调Q脉冲输出能量总转换效率η>0.75% 相似文献
36.
37.
Ignattos Antoniadis 《Pramana》2004,62(2):163-176
The recent understanding of string theory opens the possibility that the string scale can be as low as a few TeV. The apparent
weakness of gravitational interactions can then be accounted by the existence of large internal dimensions, in the sub-millimeter
region. Furthermore, our world must be confined to live on a brane transverse to these large dimensions, with which it interacts
only gravitationally. In my lecture, I describe briefly this scenario which gives a new theoretical framework for solving
the gauge hierarchy problem and the unification of all interactions. I also discuss a minimal embedding of the standard model,
gauge coupling unification and proton stability.
On leave from: Centre de Physique Théorique, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, Cedex, France. 相似文献
38.
排气全燃型联合循环设计点性能简明估计公式 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
排气全燃型联合循环设计点性能简明估计公式蔡睿贤(中国科学院工程热物理研究所北京10O080)关键词:排气全燃型联合循环,热力分析主要符号表Hu燃料热值L燃料理论空气量l比功P单位能量价格R燃气轮机与蒸汽轮机的功率比α过量空气系数β摩尔燃料系数△增量η... 相似文献
39.
Elżbieta Godlewska M. Mitoraj F. Devred B. E. Nieuwenhuys 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2007,88(1):225-230
A Ti–45.9Al–8Nb
(at%) alloy with a lamellar structure (γ+α2)
was oxidised in air at 700, 800, 850 and 900°C in isothermal and thermal
cycling conditions. The reaction progress was followed by thermogravimetric
measurements. In isothermal conditions the oxidation kinetics followed approximately
a parabolic rate law and the rate constants ranged from about 10–12
kg2 m–4 s–1
at 700°C to 10–10 kg2
m–4 s–1
at 900°C. The oxide scales were built of Al2O3
and TiO2, the former being the main component of the
outermost layer. The oxidation behaviour of Ti–45.9Al–8Nb was
referred to a commercial titanium alloy, WT4 (Ti–6Al–1Mn), and
selected oxidation-resistant alloys. 相似文献
40.
The interplay between inertia and elasticity is examined for transient free‐surface flow inside a narrow channel. The lubrication theory is extended for the flow of viscoelastic fluids of the Oldroyd‐B type (consisting of a Newtonian solvent and a polymeric solute). While the general formulation accounts for non‐linearities stemming from inertia effects in the momentum conservation equation, and the upper‐convected terms in the constitutive equation, only the front movement contributes to non‐linear coupling for a flow inside a straight channel. In this case, it is possible to implement a spectral representation in the depthwise direction for the velocity and stress. The evolution of the flow field is obtained locally, but the front movement is captured only in the mean sense. The influence of inertia, elasticity and viscosity ratio is examined for pressure‐induced flow. The front appears to progress monotonically with time. However, the velocity and stress exhibit typically a strong overshoot upon inception, accompanied by a plug‐flow behaviour in the channel core. The flow intensity eventually diminishes with time, tending asymptotically to Poiseuille conditions. For highly elastic liquids the front movement becomes oscillatory, experiencing strong deceleration periodically. A multiple‐scale solution is obtained for fluids with no inertia and small elasticity. Comparison with the exact (numerical) solution indicates a wide range of validity for the analytical result. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献