Evolutionary operation-factorial design technique for optimization of conversion of mixed agroproducts into gallic acid

This article presents the optimization of gallic acid production using filamentous fungi from tannin-rich mixed substrates taking into account the interaction effects of six variable process parameters. The methodology adopted for optimization was the evolutionary operation (EVOP)-factorial design technique. This technique combines the factorial method for designing experiments with the EVOP methodology for analyzing the experimental results systematically and arriving at conclusions according to its decision-making procedure. Standard deviation and error limits based on 95% confidence were calculated according to the relationship given in the literature. It was found that the best combinations of the process parameters at the optimum levels were 30°C, 80% relative humidity, pH 5.0, 48-h incubation period, 3 mL of induced inoculum, and 35 g of mixed substrate, resulting in a gallic acid yield of 94.8% under modified solid-state fermentation.     

TheMichaelis-Menten equation in the case of enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of linear homopolymer substrates with different degrees of polymerization

A novel theory has been proposed allowing the derivation of the equation ofMichaelis-Menten valid in the case of enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of linear homopolymer substrates with varying degrees of polymerization. This equation permits the definition of the maximal rate (V) of the enzyme reaction increasing with the molecular mass of the substrate and theMichaelis-Menten constant (Km) decreasing with the increase of the number of bonds in the substrate molecule. Two new methods have been developed permitting: 1. Determination of theMichaelis-Menten constant (Km') for a single substrate bond; and 2. Calculation of the free energy ( G) required for the formation and degradation of a single enzyme-substrate complex. The theory explains a number of experimental results published by other authors.

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Über die Gültigkeit derMichaelis-Menten-Gleichung bei der enzymkatalysierten Hydrolyse von linearen homopolymeren Verbindungen unterschiedlichen Polymerisationsgrades

Zusammenfassung Aufgrund neuer Überlegungen ist es möglich, die Gleichung nachMichaelis-Menten auf die enzymkatalysierte Hydrolyse von homopolymeren Körpern linearer Struktur mit verschiedenem Polymerisationgrad anzuwenden. Die Gleichung erlaubt die Erfassung der maximalen Enzym-Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit (V), die sich mit dem Molekulargewicht des Substrates erhöht, sowie derMichaelis-Menten-Konstante (Km), die sich mit zunehmender Anzahl von Verknüpfungen vermindert. Es wurden zwei neue Verfahren entwickelt: Erstens die Bestimmung derMichaelis-Menten-Konstante (Km') für eine Substratbindung, zweitens die Berechnung der freien Energie ( G) für die Bildung bzw. für die Zerlegung eines Enzym-Substrat-Komplexes. Die Theorie erklärt eine Reihe von Versuchsergebnissen, die von anderer Seite bereits veröffentlicht worden sind.

     

AlN基片氧化及金属化

研究了 Al N陶瓷高温氧化对金属化结合强度的影响。在 80 0℃、 10 0 0℃、 12 0 0℃和 140 0℃下对 Al N基片进行了高温处理 ,并用 XRD和 SEM分析了氧化结果。从 12 0 0℃开始 ,基片表面有较明显的氧化 ,140 0℃时 ,基片内部氧化明显。在氧化后的 Al N基片上金属化布线 ,发现表面轻微氧化的 Al N基片和金属化强度有一些提高 ,但氧化过度 ,反而会使金属化结合强度大幅度下降。     

Natural Materials for Sustainable Organic Solar Cells: Status and Challenge

The exploitation of natural materials has received growing attention because of the needs of environmental sustainability. In contrast to petroleum-based synthetic materials, natural materials possess significant advantages of abundant, low-cost, degradable, and renewable. Here, the recent research status of natural materials as flexible substrate, cathode interfacial material, and anode interfacial material for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are first presented. Then, the confronted key challenges that limit the widespread application of natural materials for OPVs is summarized, including complex multilength scaled aggregation morphology, non-conjugated structure, and unclear working mechanism. Finally, their potential solutions from the perspective of chemical structure are proposed for constructing efficient OPVs. It is believed that natural materials have a broad landscape in low-cost and green manufacturing technology for OPVs in the future.     

DC Plasma Jet CVD金刚石自支撑膜体结构的控制生长及其表面粗糙度的研究

在100kW级DC Plasma Jet CVD设备上,采用Ar-H2-CH4混合气体,通过控制工艺参数,在Mo衬底上获得不同占优晶面和应力状态的膜体结构.研究表明:不同取向的晶面在膜体中的分布不同,但各晶面随沉积温度的变化规律是相似的,在900℃左右容易获得较大的(220)晶面占优的膜体结构;薄膜的内应力沿晶体生长方向逐渐减小,且随沉积温度或甲烷浓度的增大而增大;具有高取向度的膜体将获得较为平整的表面.     

微/纳米多层金刚石自支撑膜的制备及生长特性的研究

在30kW级直流电弧等离子喷射化学气相沉积装置下,采用Ar-H2-CH4混合气体,通过控制工艺参数,在钼衬底上分别制备了普通微米自支撑膜及多层金刚石自支撑膜并对其进行研究.结果显示,同普通微米膜相比,多层膜体是由微米晶金刚石层和纳米晶金刚石层组成,表面光滑,微米层与纳米层间具有相互嵌套式的界面;多层膜中各层膜体的内应力沿生长方向有明显变化,出现一个从压应力到拉应力变化的过程;在沉积过程中,随着层数变化,膜体的生长速率也发生相应的变化.     

Wetting/spreading on porous media and on deformable,soluble structured substrates as a model system for studying the effect of morphology on biofilms wetting and for assessing anti-biofilm methods

Biofilm is a layer of syntrophic microorganisms stick to each other and to the surface. The importance of biofilms is enormous in various industrial applications and human everyday life. The effects of biofilm could be either positive or negative. Positive effects are encountered in industrial processes, bioremediation, and wastewater treatment. Negative effects are more common with the marine industry being one of the sectors, which confronts severe corrosion problems caused by biofouling on the surfaces of equipment and infrastructures. In space industry, microbial contamination and biofouling adversely affect both crew health and mission-related equipment, the latter including hardware, water systems, piping, and electrical tools. The capacity of biofilms to grow in space environment was confirmed already in 1991. One of the most important surface properties of biofilms is wettability, which dictates not only how a liquid spreads over the uneven external surface of biofilms but also how it penetrates into their porous and morphologically complex structure. To investigate wetting and spreading onto biofilms, model materials are often used to simulate different morphological and functional features of biofilms in a controlled way, for example, soft, deformable, soluble, structured, porous materials. Here, we review recent advances in wetting and spreading on porous and soft deformable surface together with biofilms wetting properties and its importance in space industry. We conclude with a discussion of the main directions for future research efforts regarding biofilm wetting.     

Utilization of geometric light trapping in thin film silicon solar cells: simulations and experiments

In this study, we present a new light absorption enhancement method for p‐i‐n thin film silicon solar cells using pyramidal surface structures, larger than the wavelength of visible light. Calculations show a maximum possible current enhancement of 45% compared with cells on a flat substrate. We deposited amorphous silicon (a‐Si) thin film solar cells directly onto periodically pyramidal‐structured polycarbonate (PC) substrates, which show a significant increase (30%) in short‐circuit current over reference cells deposited on flat glass substrates. The current of the cells on our pyramidal structures on PC is only slightly lower than that of cells on Asahi U‐type TCO glass (Asahi Glass Co., Tokyo, Japan), but suffer from a somewhat lower open circuit voltage and fill factor. Because the used substrates have a locally flat surface area due to the fabrication process, we believe that the current enhancement in the cells on structured PC can be increased using larger or more closely spaced pyramids, which can have a smaller flat surface area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柔性显示衬底的研究及进展

柔性显示作为下一代显示,由于其具有超薄,质量轻,耐用等优点,已经引起了广泛的关注。为了制备柔性显示,柔性薄板如塑料和金属薄片作为衬底已被研究。在过去十几年中,柔性衬底大规模替代传统的玻璃衬底具备很大的潜力,其被认为是柔性显示发展的关键。文章综述了柔性衬底如聚合物、不锈钢、超薄玻璃、纸质和生物复合物的最新进展,并针对柔性衬底的缺点介绍了改善方法。最后,为了推进柔性显示的发展,概述了卷对卷技术,其在柔性显示应用中有着广阔的市场。