Chlorine-induced permeability recovery for low-pressure membrane filtration of natural waters

Chlorine treatment is widely used by membrane filtration plants to recover the loss of membrane permeability encountered in low-pressure membrane (LPM) filtration of natural waters. However, there are few methodical studies in the literature addressing the efficacy of chlorine in cleaning membranes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess chlorine-induced permeability recovery (CIPR) of LPMs using the Ct concept (product of chlorine dose concentration and treatment time) commonly employed in the disinfection literature. The experimental work was conducted by evaluating the efficacy of CIPR for a membrane and water combination under variable Ct exposures and determining the presence of minimum effective Ct exposure and proper empirical models for the CIPR. The results showed that the efficacy of CIPR depended on both C and t. A minimum Ct exposure of approximately 2 × 10⁵ (min mg)/L was required for effective CIPR, and the relationship between the residual fouling and chlorine exposures was best fitted using a revised Chick–Watson model. These results may be explained by a conceptual model that considers CIPR as a sequential process of oxidation of organic foulants and diffusional detachment of the reaction products from membrane surfaces. Additional work is needed to validate the applicability of the model to other waters and membranes.     

关于拟Keszul模的注记

对于每个诺特半完全代数A上的模M1都有一个谱序列E*pq(M)与之相对应.本文证明了有限生成A-模M是拟Koszul的当且仅当谱序列E*pq(M)的第E2层是平凡的.与之对偶,本文叙述了余拟Koszul模情况下的类似结果.     

Macroporous monolithic poly(4‐vinylbenzyl chloride) columns for organic synthesis facilitation by in situ polymerization of high internal phase emulsions

PolyHIPE materials are produced by polymerizing the continuous phase of emulsions where the internal phase volume fraction is higher than 74%. Columns of flow‐through supports for immobilized scavengers and reagents were prepared by polymerizing the continuous phase of high internal phase emulsions containing 4‐vinylbenzyl chloride and divinylbenzene. Emulsions were placed in containers and polymerized in situ. Highly porous (80% pore volume) monolithic columns with chloromethyl functionalities and crosslinked with divinylbenzene (6% or 40%) were obtained and functionalized by a flow‐through method, immobilizing tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine, diethanolamine, and 4‐bromophenylboronic acid. Columns with immobilized tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine were applied for the effective removal of acid chlorides from the solution pumped through the column. Flow properties (back pressure versus flow rate) were characterized for dichloromethane, N,N‐dimethylformamide and acetonitrile. High effectiveness of columns were demonstrated by an over 90% of acid chloride removal from the solution after a single pass‐flow of the solution through the column. The morphology of the column material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and showed no damage of the material after the flow‐through utilization. Good permeative properties of the interconnected porous structure make polyHIPE columns good candidates for supports for reagents and catalysts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6726–6734, 2009     

Modeling the terahertz radiation generation process,obtained by filtration of spectral supercontinuum,formed during propagation of femtosecond laser pulse in GaAs crystal

We present the results of theoretical studies of the process of generation of terahertz radiation arising via interaction of few-cycle laser pulses propagating in an isotropic nonlinear medium. Numerical time-integration, by the finite-difference method, of the system of nonlinear Maxwell equations has been performed. We consider the interaction of mutually-orthogonal linearly polarized pulses, both having the central wavelength of 1.98 μm, durations of 30 fs, and the energies of 30 nJ, propagating along the normal to the 〈110〉 plane in a 1 mm-thickness GaAs crystal. In the nonlinear part of the medium polarization the without-inertia nonlinear second-order susceptibility is taken into account. The process of formation of a terahertz pulse arising via spectral filtration of supercontinuum formed in the spectra of pump pulses at the output of nonlinear crystal is studied. The dependences of both the current frequency of the pump pulses on time for different lengths of nonlinear crystal and of pump pulse durations on the crystal length are obtained. Also the dependences of the current frequency of the terahertz pulse on time at different crystal lengths, as well as of the efficiency of generation of terahertz radiation on the length of nonlinear crystal and on the energy of pump pulses are obtained.     

EMI测试中虚拟暗室的使用

为了检验使用效果,按照虚拟暗室系统的使用方法,使其分别工作于背景滤除模式和干扰源定位模式下,对某一背景环境下固定设备的电磁骚扰发射进行了测试和实验分析,结果表明:实验中系统的背景滤除水平最大可达到,但对强弱信号的匀性滤除影响了整个频段的滤除效果,因此没有得到理想的结果。工作于干扰源定位模式时,对台灯、手机的实验表明系统可以对空间中同频同源的信号进行定位,但若背景中同源发射较多时,对设备的发射不易区分。     

乙醇萃取酸性氧化石墨烯的研究

以改进的氧化还原法(Hummers法)制备的氧化石墨烯为原料,采用乙醇萃取法过滤酸性氧化石墨烯溶液使其恢复至中性.对比分析了与以往采用水剂法进行清洗的效果,并且进一步考察了乙醇浓度以及温度对萃取过程的影响.采用Zeta电位、场发射扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪以及pH值检测和重溶情况对萃取效果进行了表征和判断.试验结果表明:乙醇萃取法可以大大缩短酸性氧化石墨烯溶液恢复至中性的时间并且不改变其本身性能;当氧化石墨烯溶液浓度为1 mg·mL-1和0.5 mg·mL-1时,分别加入浓度为40; v/v和95; v/v乙醇,温度为60℃是最佳的萃取选择.     

提高特征光谱法在微量气体监测中灵敏度的研究

为了实现对室内微量有毒气体实时监测,提高基于特征光谱检测方法的测量精度,提出了特征波长过滤窗的方法。将高浓度的待测气体作过滤窗,标准空气作参考窗,气室充待测浓度的待测气体,采用组合测量得到的多组光谱进行差分、相关等数据处理求解气室中待测气体的浓度。实验显示,采用WQF-520-FTIR型红外光谱仪得到癸二酸二丙脂红外吸收谱线主要有四条：3 385.26,3 417.64,5 797.11和8 561.65 nm,分别对应的吸光度为1.520 0,1.542 1,2.431 8和1.352 6。对应的可检测的最小含量为50×10-9,而采用特征波长过滤窗的方法波长位置可实现10-4 nm量级的对准,在确定待测气体含量量级的条件下,可检测的最小含量为5×10-9,灵敏度提高约10倍。该方法具有高灵敏度、无中毒、可实时检测等优点。     

表面作用力孔流通模型计算高分子滤过膜孔径大小及分布的方法

综述了一种建立在表面作用力孔流通模型基础上计算高分子多孔滤过膜孔径大小及分布的方法。     

Adams Operations for Bivariant K-Theory and a Filtration Using Projective Lines

We establish the existence of Adams operations on the members of a filtration of K-theory which is defined using products of projective lines. We also show that this filtration induces the gamma filtration on the rational K-groups of a smooth variety over a field of characteristic zero.     

Formation of a gas hydrate due to injection of a cold gas into a porous reservoir partly saturated by water

Specific features of formation of gas hydrates due to injection of a gas into a porous medium initially filled by a gas and water are considered. Self-similar solutions of an axisymmetric problem, which describe the distributions of the basic parameters in the reservoir, are constructed. The existence of solutions is demonstrated, which predict gas hydrate formation both on the frontal surface and in the volume zone. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 137–150, May–June, 2008.