The Effect of Hemodialysis on Voice: An Acoustic Analysis

Because respiration is part of the well-coordinated process necessary for phonation, this study was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the effect of chronic hemodialysis on voice characteristics of patients with chronic renal failure. A total of 57 patients were recruited for the study, including 31 males and 26 females ranging in age from 16 to 85 years. Patients underwent evaluation of their voice directly before and after hemodialysis using the Kay Elemetric VISI Pitch (Model 330; Kay Elemetric Corporation, Lincoln Park, New Jersey). The vocal acoustic parameters studied include habitual pitch, pitch range, relative average perturbation, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio, voice turbulence index, maximum phonation time, and voice energy. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test for the total sample and the nonparametric test for the female and male subgroups. The total sample analysis showed a statistically significant increase in the habitual pitch after the hemodialyis (p < 0.05), with a borderline increase in the pitch range and maximum phonation time (p < 0.10). In the female group, there was a statistically significant increase in the habitual pitch and a borderline increase in the relative average perturbation. In the male group, there was a significant increase in the habitual pitch with a borderline increase in maximum phonation time. Discussion of the after-mentioned results is presented.     

The formulation of constitutive equations for fibre-reinforced composites in plane problems: Part II

Summary From the continuum mechanics points of view, most of commercial fibre-reinforced composites (FRCs) can be considered to be anisotropic materials with one of the five material symmetries: transverse isotropy, orthotropy, tetratropy, hexatropy and octotropy, as illustrated in the preceding paper (Part I) [1]. No properly general formulation of constitutive equations for tetratropic, hexatropic and octoctropic types of FRC has been found in the literature. In this paper, the restriction to the admissible deformation of a FRC imposed by the failure strains of the fibres is investigated. The complete and irreducible two-dimensional tensor function representations regarding tetratropy, hexatropy and octotropy derived in Part I are applied to formulate constitutive equations for FRCs in plane problems of elasticity, yielding and failure in the present work, and of heat conduction, continuum damage and asymmetric elasticity in a continued work (Part III, forthcoming).The supports from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany and the Research Foundation of Tsinghua University, P. R. China are acknowledged by the first author.     

军用光学系统的可靠性研究

介绍军用光学系统的失效模式及主要影响。论述军用光学系统的可靠性分布，并给出了可靠性的预估方法。     

SMT组装技术与ESD防护技术(待续)

分静电基础知识、ESD防护技术两部分，第一部分主要介绍静电特点、静电衰减与积累规律、人体静电的起电方式、静电损伤的失效模式；第二部分主要介绍静电防护的必要性、静电防护的目的与途径、静电防护的过程控制、静电防护系统的构成。     

基于灰色预测容错时钟同步算法

针对分布式实时系统中无主式时钟同步存在时钟拜占庭故障和节点通信链路丢失故障的问题,文中提出一种基于灰色预测容错时钟同步算法。该算法基于广播式通信网络LL模型,使用GM(1,1)的灰色预测方法对前轮次的校正偏差值进行分析,从而预测出该节点在故障伦次中的校正偏差值,再通过计算得到修正值。实验结果表明,文中提出的灰色预测算法能够容忍拜占庭故障,同时可克服节点通信链路丢失故障带来的问题,提升了FTA算法的普适性。通过数据对比分析结果表明,该算法的时钟同步精密度相比于原始算法提高了24.3%;相较于其他算法,文中算法在复杂度上也有一定的优势。     

一种复杂噪声环境下的机电系统故障在线监测声学处理方法

针对复杂背景噪声环境下的机电系统故障检测问题,文中提出了一种基于宽带声学处理的噪声抑制和故障监测方法。该方法以声学信号拾取和处理为出发点,通过对机电设备正常运行状态下声学信号进行采集、数据跟踪和复杂背景噪声抑制,建立系统正常运行状态声纹库,并进一步通过基于宽带声学处理的声纹信号匹配和模式识别技术来实现故障信号的检测与分类,进而实现对机电系统运行状态的在线监测和隐形故障的自主预警。该处理方法将基于数据跟踪的自相关噪声抑制技术与基于宽带声学处理的故障信号检测以及分类判型技术有机结合,可对机电系统早期隐性故障进行监测,有效解决了复杂噪声环境下的机电系统故障检测问题。仿真实验也证明了该处理方法的有效性和良好的实用性。     

基于节点冗余容量动态控制的复杂网络鲁棒性研究

针对传统级联失效模型中冗余参数固定不变的问题,该文综合考虑节点受攻击程度不同和失效过程中网络拓扑的动态变化,建立了基于节点冗余容量动态控制(DRC)的级联失效模型.通过定义网络相变临界因子θ衡量节点失效引发级联失效的概率,分析了网络鲁棒性与θ之间的相关性,并结合度分布函数详细推导了θ的解析表达式,基于解析表达式提出了两种网络鲁棒性提升策略.仿真结果表明,在模型网络和真实网络中,根据被攻击节点度的不同,通过调整节点初始负载参数可以有效提高目标网络的鲁棒性;DRC模型下级联失效传播范围较τ Motter-Lai(ML)模型显著减小.     

碲镉汞线列光导器件的失效模式及原因分析

针对不同项目研制过程中碲镉汞线列光导器件在筛选测试和应用中出现的失效模式进行了归纳和总结,并综合碲镉汞材料参数、器件结构尺寸、器件物理、器件制备工艺和器件测试等几个方面因素对器件失效的可能原因进行了分析,首次提出碲镉汞线列光导器件的优值因子作为失效判据,为进一步理解碲镉汞线列光导器件的物理机理以及更好优化器件的筛选过程提供了参考,为碲镉汞线列光导器件应用中出现的失效问题提供了分析和解决的方向。     

聚合物强度和断裂研究的动向

本文概述了聚合物强度和断裂的主要研究内容,介绍了近年来国内外文献资料中从不同的研究角度对它们进行研究的概况和动向。     

Adhesion and tack of polymers: Influence of mechanical properties and surface tensions

The adhesion of various polymers used as model adhesives, polyisobutylene, polyacrylates etc. has been investigated by means of an apparatus measuring the adhesive failure energyw in dependence on contact time, contact pressure, rate of separation, and temperature. The adhesive failure energy of adhesive joints formed with low contact pressure during a short contact time is called tack. After a sufficiently long contact time and with a high bonding pressure an adhesive joint exhibits its maximum energy of separationw _m .The viscoelastic properties of the model adhesives were characterized by creep experiments in dependence on time and temperature. The surface tension of the polymer adhesives and adherents could be determined by contact angle measurements. Adhesion measurements of polyisobutylene on a number of adherents were carried out in air and in various liquids in order to obtain information about the influence of surface tension on tack and maximum adhesive failure energy. w _m can be written as the product of two terms: the thermodynamic work of adhesionW _A which is related to the surface and interfacial tensions of adhesive and adherent and a dimensionless function dependent on temperature and rate of separation which describes the viscoeleastic properties of the adhesive and which obeys the rate-temperature superposition principle known from linear viscoelasticity. The tack is related to incomplete bond formation and cannot be described in the same manner. It is, however, strongly dependent on the viscoelastic properties of the adhesive showing a maximum at about 50 to 70 °C above the glass transition temperature. It is, moreover, influenced by the compliance in the plateau range above the glass transition which is determined by the entanglement network of the polymer. Wetting of the adherent by the adhesive is a further important condition for high tack values which is fulfilled if the adherent has a higher surface tension than the adhesive.