An experimental design based strategy to optimize a capillary electrophoresis method for the separation of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Because of their high toxicity, international regulatory institutions recommend monitoring specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental and food samples. A fast, selective and sensitive method is therefore required for their quantitation in such complex samples. This article deals with the optimization, based on an experimental design strategy, of a cyclodextrin (CD) modified capillary zone electrophoresis separation method for the simultaneous separation of 19 PAHs listed as priority pollutants. First, using a central composite design, the normalized peak-start and peak-end times were modelled as functions of the factors that most affect PAH electrophoretic behavior: the concentrations of the anionic sulfobutylether-β-CD and neutral methyl-β-CD, and the percentage of MeOH in the background electrolyte. Then, to circumvent computational difficulties resulting from the changes in migration order likely to occur while varying experimental conditions, an original approach based on the systematic evaluation of the time intervals between all the possible pairs of peaks was used. Finally, a desirability analysis based on the smallest time interval between two consecutive peaks and on the overall analysis time, allowed us to achieve, for the first time in CE, full resolution of all 19 PAHs in less than 18 min. Using this optimized capillary electrophoresis method, a vegetable oil was successfully analyzed, proving its suitability for real complex sample analysis.     

基于三维虚拟现实的互动实验教学系统

针对目前我国高等学校普遍存在实验设备不足、型号落后、难以更新换代跟上科技发展的现象,虚拟现实技术的应用为高校实验教学提供了一个良好的解决方案。本文简单介绍了虚拟现实技术的特点,通过对虚拟现实实验教学系统的详细分析,探讨了虚拟现实技术对实验教学的影响。     

Bi-criteria assembly line balancing by considering flexible operation times

This paper addresses a novel approach to deal with Flexible task Time Assembly Line Balancing Problem (FTALBP). In this regard, machines are considered in which operation time of each task can be between lower and upper bounds. These machines can compress the processing time of tasks, but this action may lead to higher cost due to cumulative wear, erosion, fatigue and so on. This cost is described in terms of task time via a linear function. Hence, a bi-criteria nonlinear integer programming model is developed which comprises two inconsistent objective functions: minimizing the cycle time and minimizing the machine total costs. In order to sustain these objectives concurrently, this paper applies the LP-metric method to make a combined dimensionless objective. Moreover, a genetic algorithm (GA) is presented to solve this NP-hard problem and design of experiments (DOE) method is hired to tune various parameters of our proposed algorithm. The computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of implemented procedures.     

Efficient space-filling and non-collapsing sequential design strategies for simulation-based modeling

Simulated computer experiments have become a viable cost-effective alternative for controlled real-life experiments. However, the simulation of complex systems with multiple input and output parameters can be a very time-consuming process. Many of these high-fidelity simulators need minutes, hours or even days to perform one simulation. The goal of global surrogate modeling is to create an approximation model that mimics the original simulator, based on a limited number of expensive simulations, but can be evaluated much faster. The set of simulations performed to create this model is called the experimental design. Traditionally, one-shot designs such as the Latin hypercube and factorial design are used, and all simulations are performed before the first model is built. In order to reduce the number of simulations needed to achieve the desired accuracy, sequential design methods can be employed. These methods generate the samples for the experimental design one by one, without knowing the total number of samples in advance. In this paper, the authors perform an extensive study of new and state-of-the-art space-filling sequential design methods. It is shown that the new sequential methods proposed in this paper produce results comparable to the best one-shot experimental designs available right now.     

Design of experiments on 135 cloned poplar trees to map environmental influence in greenhouse

To find and ascertain phenotypic differences, minimal variation between biological replicates is always desired. Variation between the replicates can originate from genetic transformation but also from environmental effects in the greenhouse. Design of experiments (DoE) has been used in field trials for many years and proven its value but is underused within functional genomics including greenhouse experiments. We propose a strategy to estimate the effect of environmental factors with the ultimate goal of minimizing variation between biological replicates, based on DoE. DoE can be analyzed in many ways. We present a graphical solution together with solutions based on classical statistics as well as the newly developed OPLS methodology.In this study, we used DoE to evaluate the influence of plant specific factors (plant size, shoot type, plant quality, and amount of fertilizer) and rotation of plant positions on height and section area of 135 cloned wild type poplar trees grown in the greenhouse. Statistical analysis revealed that plant position was the main contributor to variability among biological replicates and applying a plant rotation scheme could reduce this variation.     

Convergence analysis of virtual element methods for semilinear parabolic problems on polygonal meshes

In this article, we discuss and analyze new conforming virtual element methods (VEMs) for the approximation of semilinear parabolic problems on convex polygonal meshes in two spatial dimension. The spatial discretization is based on polynomial and suitable nonpolynomial functions, and a Euler backward scheme is employed for time discretization. The discrete formulation of both the proposed schemes—semidiscrete and fully discrete (with time discretization) is discussed in detail, and the unique solvability of the resulted schemes is discussed. A priori error estimates for the proposed schemes (semidiscrete and fully discrete) in H¹‐ and L²‐norms are derived under the assumption that the source term f is Lipschitz continuous. Some numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate the performance of the proposed scheme and to confirm the theoretical convergence rates.     

基于Minitab DOE的铝丝楔焊键合工艺参数优化

为提高国产陶瓷外壳用于铝丝楔焊键合的可靠性和产品质量,利用Minitab统计软件对一种封装形式为CQFP84的国产陶瓷外壳用于铝丝楔焊键合的工艺参数进行试验设计,并对试验结果进行直观分析和方差分析。讨论过键合功率、键合压力、键合时间及超声功率缓慢上升时间(Ramp)对键合拉力的影响及其显著程度。试验研究表明第2段参数的键合压力、第2段参数的键合功率及第1段参数的Ramp对键合拉力值有显著影响,以键合拉力为参考指标,得到了较优的键合工艺参数,通过验证试验键合拉力相比工艺参数优化前有明显提高,分散度也有明显改善,达到了提高产品可靠性的目标。     

A Highly Selective Turn-On Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Zinc

A novel turn-on fluorescence probe L has been designed that exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity with a detection limit of 9.53 × 10⁻⁸ mol/L for the quantification of Zn²⁺. ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the unsymmetrical nature of the structure of the Schiff base probe L. An emission titration experiment in the presence of different molar fractions of Zn²⁺ was used to perform a Job’s plot analysis. The results showed that the stoichiometric ratio of the complex formed by L and Zn²⁺ was 1:1. Moreover, the molecular structure of the mononuclear Cu complex reveals one ligand L coordinates with one Cu atom in the asymmetric unit. On adding CuCl₂ to the ZnCl₂/L system, a Cu-Zn complex was formed and a strong quenching behavior was observed, which inferred that the Cu²⁺ displaced Zn²⁺ to coordinate with the imine nitrogen atoms and hydroxyl oxygen atoms of probe L.     

演示实验在大学物理教学中的积极作用

本文结合教学工作实际指出演示实验在大学物理教学中的积极作用，并强调在“大学物理讨论课”中引入尝示实验的必要性。     

谈谈静电实验

对静电实验中常见的漏电现象、绝缘材料的选取、摩擦起电等问题进行了探讨。