以水滑石及类水滑石为前体的Mg/Al、Co/Al及Co/Mg/Al混合氧化物的合成、表征和异丙醇催化性能

以共沉淀法合成的水滑石(HT)和类水滑石(HTLc)为前体制备了镁铝、钴铝、钴镁铝混合氧化物，采用了BET、XRD、TG-DTA、TPR、FTIR和微量量热吸附及异丙醇催化反应进行了研究。结果表明：以HT和HTLc为前体制备的混合氧化物，其比表面积较大、并随着钴含量的增加而降低。在HT中引入Co²⁺离子后，由于Co²⁺离子的氧化还原属性，削弱了水滑石层对阴离子的键合能力，从而使其热分解温度及热稳定性降低，导至焙烧后生成的混合氧化物的比表面积比不含钴的2Mg/Al混合氧化物的低。在TPR过程中，镁铝混合氧化物不被还原，而含钴的混合氧化物的还原是经由Co³⁺ → Co²⁺ → Co⁰的过程。混合氧化物表面含有酸性位和碱性位，并随着钴含量的变化而得到调变。含钴氧化物样品的表面以L酸为主和含有很少量的B酸。异丙醇催化反应生成丙酮的选择性最高，表明样品表面的氧化还原位是主要的，随着钴的加入及含量的增大，异丙醇催化反应的转化率也是增大的。     

Simultaneous determination of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their biotransformation products by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

Reversed-phase LC-MS/MS is used to determine major estrogenic alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and their biotransformation products. It allows the simultaneous analysis of eight APEOs, alkylphenoxy carboxylates (APECs) and alkylphenols (APs) in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents in the same extract after solid-phase enrichment on polymeric Oasis HLB. As precursor ions, [APEO + NH4]+, [APEC - H]- and [AP - H]- were monitored. Instrumental limits of detection (LOD) were 2-600 pg, corresponding to sample concentrations of 0.04-12 ng l(-1), without correction for overall method recoveries. Matrix-induced signal suppression during electrospray ionisation (ESI) and extraction as well as overall method recoveries were assessed and the suitability of deuterated surrogates as internal standards was evaluated.     

Conformational and stereoelectronic investigation in 1,2-difluoropropane: The gauche effect

The effect of attaching an additional fluorine atom at C-2 in 1-fluoropropane (FP), giving 1,2-difluoropropane (DFP), on its conformational equilibrium, is theoretically evaluated. This substitution causes critical implications on the conformer stabilities of DFP (TG, GT and GG conformations) and the steric and electrostatic interactions should favor the conformer with fluorine atoms trans. However, the gauche effect plays a major role in describing the energies balance in DFP, shifting the equilibrium towards the conformation in which the two fluorine atoms are gauche. The origin of this effect is discussed through an NBO analysis, which allows the evaluation of both classical and non-classical (hyperconjugation and bent bonds) interactions as the prevailing factors governing the conformational equilibrium of molecules containing the 1,2-difluoroethane fragment.     

The Sialons MLn[Si4−xAlxOxN7−x] with M = Eu,Sr, Ba and Ln = Ho‐Yb – Twelve Substitution Variants with the MYb[Si4N7] Structure Type

The oxonitridoalumosilicates (so‐called sialons) MLn[Si_4?xAl_xO_xN_7?x] with M = Eu, Sr, Ba and Ln =Ho, Er, Tm, Yb were obtained by the reaction of the respective lanthanoid metal, the alkaline earth carbonates or europium carbonate, resp., AlN, “Si(NH)₂” and MCl₂ as a flux in a radiofrequency furnace at temperatures around 2100 °C. The compounds MLn[Si_4?xAl_xO_xN_7?x] are relevant for the investigation of substitutional effects on the materials properties due to their ability of tolerating a comparatively large phase width up to x ≈ 2.0(5). The crystal structures of the twelve compounds were refined from X‐ray single crystal data and X‐ray powder data and are found to be isotypic to the MYb[Si₄N₇] structure type. The compounds crystallize in space group P6₃mc (no. 186, hexagonal) and are made up of chains of so‐called starlike units [N^[4](SiN₃)₄] or [N^[4]((Si,Al)(O,N)₃)₄], respectively. These units are formed by four (Si,Al)(N/O)₄ tetrahedra sharing a common central nitrogen atom. The structure refinement was performed utilizing an O/N‐distribution model according to Paulings rules, i.e. nitrogen was positioned on the four‐fold bridging site and nitrogen and oxygen were distributed equally on both of the two‐fold bridging sites, resulting in charge neutrality of the compound. The Si and Al atoms were distributed equally on their two crystallographic sites, referring to their elemental proportion in the compound, due to being poorly distinguishable by X‐ray methods. The chemical compositions of the compounds were derived from electron probe micro analyses (EPMA).     

呋喃-乙酸分子间相互作用的量子化学研究

用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法选取6-311＋＋G(d,p)基组对呋喃-乙酸复合物进行了量子化学计算研究, 通过在相同水平下的频率振动分析发现了该势能面上6个极小值点, 其最稳定构型对应一强O…H—O型氢键, 其结合能在消除基组重叠误差后为－20.87 kJ•mol^－1. 通过自然键轨道(NBO)分析, 研究了电荷转移及轨道相互作用. 通过自洽反应场(SCRF)理论中的Onsager 溶剂模型在介电常数分别为1.0, 2.247, 4.9, 7.58, 10.36, 20.7, 32.63, 38.2, 46.7, 78.39的不同溶剂环境下重新优化呋喃与乙酸势能面上最稳定构型A, 研究了溶剂对呋喃-乙酸复合物几何构型、电荷分布、偶极矩以及结合能的影响. 发现溶剂化作用增大了呋喃与乙酸分子间的结合能, 导致O…H距离减小, H—O振动频率红移. 当溶液介电常数在1.0～32.63范围时, 溶剂效应十分显著, 当介电常数大于32.63后, 溶剂化作用几乎达到了极限.     

A novel boron-rich quaternary scandium borocarbosilicide Sc3.67−xB41.4−y−zC0.67+zSi0.33−w

A novel quaternary scandium borocarbosilicide Sc_3.67−xB_41.4−y−zC_0.67+zSi_0.33−w was found. Single crystallites were obtained as an intergrowth phase in the float-zoned single crystal of Sc_0.83−xB_10.0−yC_0.17+ySi_0.083−z that has a face-centered cubic crystal structure. Single crystal structure analysis revealed that the compound has a hexagonal structure with lattice constants a = b = 1.43055(8) nm and c = 2.37477(13) nm and space group (No. 187). The crystal composition calculated from the structure analysis for the crystal with x = 0.52, y = 1.42, z = 1.17, and w = 0.02 was ScB_12.3C_0.58Si_0.10 and that agreed rather well with the composition of ScB_11.5C_0.61Si_0.04 measured by EPMA. In the crystal structure that is a new structure type of boron-rich borides, there are 79 structurally independent atomic sites, 69 boron and/or carbon sites, two silicon sites and eight scandium sites. Boron and carbon form seven structurally independent B₁₂ icosahedra, one B₉ polyhedron, one B₁₀ polyhedron, one irregularly shaped B₁₆ polyhedron in which only 10.7 boron atoms are available because of partial occupancies and 10 bridging sites. All polyhedron units and bridging site atoms interconnect each other forming a three-dimensional boron framework structure. Sc atoms reside in the open spaces in the boron framework structure.     

Composition and thermal stability of SiO2-based hybrid materials TEOS-MTEOS system

Hybrid materials with different amounts of organics permanently bound on the inorganic network obtained in the TEOS-MTEOS (tetraethoxysilan-methyltriethoxysilan) system are used for obtaining coatings with different optical and mechanical properties. To study the thermal stability of the mentioned materials, compositions with different molar ratios of the precursors were prepared. The influence of the solvent and water amounts on the gelation process was also investigated. The gels obtained were characterised by IR spectrometry and their decomposition temperatures were determined by DTA/TG. Thermal stability of the gels is rather influenced by their composition than the conditions of the gelation process. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Adsorption parameters of cyclobutane carboxylic acid at the interface of a mercury electrode with aqueous solutions of 0.4 M Na2SO4 + 0.1 M H2SO4

Based on the results of the regression analysis of differential capacitance curves of a mercury electrode in solutions of cyclobutane carboxylic acid (CBCA) at 25, 50, and 75°C, the adsorption parameters that enter into both the Frumkin isotherm and the model of two parallel capacitors are estimated. The free energies of adsorption found from the analysis of the temperature dependence of these parameters are incorrect due to the partial blowing out of CBCA during the deaeration of the solutions. The corresponding adsorption parameters are corrected under the assumption that the hydrophobic effect associated with the increase in the liquid-water entropy at the removal from it of CBCA molecules is the same as for n-valeric acid. The physical meaning of the squeezing-out effect is revised.     

Crystallization kinetics of poly(hexamethylene succinate)

Isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polyester 64 have been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. The Avrami analysis has been performed to obtain the kinetic parameters of primary crystallization. These indicate a three-dimensional spherulitic growth on heterogeneous nuclei for the isothermal crystallization, whereas an sporadic nucleation becomes dominant in the nonisothermal crystallization. The maximum crystallization rate of polyester 64 was deduced to take place at a temperature close to −3 °C. Polarizing light microscopy showed that spherulites with a negative birefringence are formed during isothermal crystallization, whereas transmission electron microscopy indicates that the b crystallographic axis is aligned parallel to the spherulitic radius.     

Simultaneous determination of radionuclides separable into natural decay series by use of time-interval analysis

A delayed coincidence method, time-interval analysis (TIA), has been applied to successive – decay events on the millisecond time-scale. Such decay events are part of the ²²⁰Rn²¹⁶Po (T_1/2 145 ms) (Th-series) and ²¹⁹Rn²¹⁵Po (T_1/2 1.78 ms) (Ac-series). By using TIA in addition to measurement of ²²⁶Ra (U-series) from -spectrometry by liquid scintillation counting (LSC), two natural decay series could be identified and separated. The TIA detection efficiency was improved by using the pulse-shape discrimination technique (PSD) to reject -pulses, by solvent extraction of Ra combined with simple chemical separation, and by purging the scintillation solution with dry N₂ gas. The U- and Th-series together with the Ac-series were determined, respectively, from alpha spectra and TIA carried out immediately after Ra-extraction. Using the ²²¹Fr²¹⁷At (T_1/2 32.3 ms) decay process as a tracer, overall yields were estimated from application of TIA to the ²²⁵Ra (Np-decay series) at the time of maximum growth. The present method has proven useful for simultaneous determination of three radioactive decay series in environmental samples.