On practical metrology and chemical analysis: etalons and traceability systems

 National measurement systems are infrastructures to ensure, for each nation, a consistent and internationally recognised basis for measurement. Such complex systems have historical, technical, legal, organisational and institutional aspects to connect scientific metrology with practical measurements. Underlying any valid measurement is a chain of comparisons linking the measurement to an accepted standard. The ways the links are forged and the etalons (measurement standards) to which they connect are defining characteristics of all measurement systems. This is often referred to as traceability which aims at basing measurements in common measurement units – a key issue for the integration of quantitative chemical analysis with the evolving physical and engineering measurement systems. Adequate traceability and metrological control make possible new technical capabilities and new levels of quality assurance and confidence by users in the accuracy and integrity of quantitative analytical results. Traceability for chemical measurements is difficult to achieve and harder to demonstrate. The supply of appropriate etalons is critical to the development of metrology systems for chemical analysis. An approach is suggested that involves the development of networks of specialised reference laboratories able to make matrix-independent reference measurements on submitted samples, which may then be used as reference materials by an originating laboratory using its practical measurement procedures. Received: 31 July 1995 Accepted: 19 August 1995     

Heat-treatment studies of molybdenum oxide-monohydrate

The dehydration of molybdic acid, MoO₃---H₂O, was studied by thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry and FTIR spectroscopy. The results show that an intermediate phase, MoO₃-2/3H₂O is formed at 216 °C and the monoclinic form of MoO₃ is grown above 350 °C. The mechanism of dehydration and structural rearrangement were confirmed by the features of the infrared spectra showing formation of corner-shared MoO₆ octahedra.     

Voigt线型及其精确快速算法

通过把上半复平面分为４个区，并在每一区利用不同近似，建立了一种精确快速计算Ｖｏｉｇｔ函数、修正的Ｖｏｉｇｔ函数和Ｖｏｉｇｔ函数偏导数的算法，其最大相对误差小于５×１０－４．该算法是Ｌｉｎｅ－ｂｙ－Ｌｉｎｅ大气透过率／辐射强度计算及其相关应用的有效算法．     

Identification of nonlinear elliptic equations

An optimization theoretic approach and algorithm for the estimation of state-dependent coefficients in nonlinear elliptic equation is presented. It is based on a splitting method combined with convex analysis techniques. Convergence of the algorithm is established and numerical examples are included.The research of K. Kunisch was supported in part by a grant from the Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Austria.     

Measurement of storage time, estimation of ion number and study of absorption line profile in a Paul trap

Europium (Eu⁺) ions were confined in a Paul trap and detected by non-destructive method. Storage time of Eu⁺ ions achieved in vacuum was improved by orders of magnitude employing buffer gas cooling. The experimentally detected signal was fitted to the ion response signal and the total number of ions trapped was estimated. It is found that the peak signal amplitude as well as the product of FWHM and the peak signal amplitude is proportional to the total number of trapped ions. The trapped ion secular frequency was swept at different rates and its effect on the absorption line profile was studied both experimentally and theoretically.     

一类常微分方程组的紧支撑样条小波方法探讨

应用三次紧支撑样条小波插值函数得到了求一类常微分方程组数值解的隐式公式,并求得到其局部截断误差为O(-h5).在此基础上给出1个显式校正求解公式,并讨论得到其局部截断误差为O(-h4).     

Efficiency and effectiveness of Spanish football teams: a three-stage-DEA approach

In this paper, we apply a three-stage-DEA model to the Spanish Professional Football League, which means separating the teams’ economic behaviour into three components: operating efficiency—of the offence and defence—athletic or operating effectiveness, and social effectiveness. The results showed that the technical inefficiency of the defence is greater than that of the offence, both being caused by aspects linked to the poor management of players’ abilities and by the football team’s size. Teams showed a favourable evolution of their offensive and defensive efficiency during the 2004/2005 season and to a lesser extent in the season before. The point system assigned by the professional football league regulations evaluates the teams’ athletic effectiveness, but we detected that the teams with the most experience perform athletically in a more effective manner. Their social effectiveness is strongly related to the level of play in itself and to factors linked to their PFL ranking: participation in international competitions for important football teams; or the struggle of minor football teams to stay in the first division.     

Estimates for Elements of Inverse Matrices for a Class of Operators with Matrices of Special Structure

In this paper, we consider questions related to the structure of inverse matrices of linear bounded operators acting in infinite-dimensional complex Banach spaces. We obtain specific estimates of elements of inverse matrices for bounded operators whose matrices have a special structure. Matrices are introduced as special operator-valued functions on an index set. The matrix structure is described by the behavior of the given function on elements of a special partition of the index set. The method used for deriving the estimates is based on an analysis of Fourier series of strongly continuous periodic functions.     

测量输入光窗台阶指标的指示表的选择

阐述了对近贴聚焦型微通道板像增强管中输入光窗台阶高度和平整度指标进行测量时，所用指示仪表的选择依据，并详细分析了指示表在检定过程中的误差来源，进一步计算出其合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度，从而选定可用于测试的指标表。     

A virtual instrumentation based protocol for the automated implementation of the inner field compensation method

One influential parameter which mediates interactions between many types of molecules and biological membranes stems from the lumped contributions of the transmembrane potential, dipole potential and the difference in the surface potentials on both sides of a membrane. With relevance to cell physiology, such electrical features of a biomembrane are prone to undergoing changes as a result of interactions with the aqueous surrounding. Among the most useful tools devoted to exploring changes of electrical parameters of a lipid membrane induced by certain extracellular ions, lipid composition, and embedded membrane peptides and proteins, are spectroscopic imaging and the inner field compensation (IFC) method. In this work we layout the principles of a fully computerized version of the IFC method, which makes it more readily available to users. As a direct application, we deployed this improved version of the IFC method to time-resolve changes induced by alamethicin monomers upon membrane dipole potential, following their aggregation within an artificial lipid membrane. Intriguingly, even prior crossing the membrane core, the membrane-bound alamethicin monomers are shown to significantly increase the dipole potential of the monolayer they reside in. Such data further emphasize the yet less-explored interplay between membrane-based protein and peptides, and the membrane dipole potential.