Towards quantitative catalytic lignin depolymerization

The products of base-catalyzed liquid-phase hydrolysis of lignin depend markedly on the operating conditions. By varying temperature, pressure, catalyst concentration, and residence time, the yield of monomers and oligomers from depolymerized lignin can be adjusted. It is shown that monomers of phenolic derivatives are the only primary products of base-catalyzed hydrolysis and that oligomers form as secondary products. Oligomerization and polymerization of these highly reactive products, however, limit the amount of obtainable product oil containing low-molecular-weight phenolic products. Therefore, inhibition of concurrent oligomerization and polymerization reactions during hydrothermal lignin depolymerization is important to enhance product yields. Applying boric acid as a capping agent to suppress addition and condensation reactions of initially formed products is presented as a successful approach in this direction. Combination of base-catalyzed lignin hydrolysis with addition of boric acid protecting agent shifts the product distribution to lower molecular weight compounds and increases product yields beyond 85%.     

Recent developments in Dual Resource Constrained (DRC) system research

Real world manufacturing systems are usually constrained by both machine and human resources. Human operators are often the constraining resource and transfer between workstations to process jobs when required. This kind of system is known as a Dual Resource Constrained (DRC) system and presents additional technical challenges which must be considered during planning and scheduling. These technical challenges can be categorised into the five main dimensions of job release mechanisms, job dispatching, worker flexibility, worker assignment and transfer costs. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent developments in DRC research concerned with each of these areas and also discusses some possible approaches to solving the resource scheduling problem in a DRC system. The focus is on materials published after 1995 and up to 2009. Previous reviews on DRC systems are commented on and followed by a review of recent works associated with each of the five dimensions of DRC system research. Advancements made and new methodologies proposed are discussed and future research directions are identified.     

水资源短缺风险因子的筛选模型

水资源短缺评价首先需要确定指标体系,投影寻踪模型与灰色关联度法相结合,可以有效地筛选出水资源短缺风险因子,为进一步进行风险评价奠定了基础,同时也为制定风险的防范措施和对策提供了理论依据.综合应用这两种模型,对北京市2001～2009年的水资源短缺风险进行研究,结果表明:降水量、日照时数、雨日数、单位GDP污水排放量、人均GDP、工业总产值占有率、污水处理率和水循环使用率这8个指标是北京市水资源短缺的主要风险因子.     

运营商发展智慧城市的资源及策略分析

智慧城市的建设如火如荼,并且其拉动力持续强劲,数据处理?内容应用等业务蕴涵着巨大的商机和潜力;另一方面电信运营商现有市场趋于饱和,竞争加剧,急需新市场的开辟?从运营商现有资源入手,分析运营商资源的优劣势,提出运营智慧城市建设策略?     

耐用性资源约束下应急实施流程的优化

耐用性应急资源是保障应急实施流程高效运作的关键之一。应急过程中,时间紧迫和资源稀缺的典型特征使应急参与者必须高度重视活动基元间共享资源的合理分配,以避免实施流程执行的中断或失败。文中针对耐用性资源供应不足的情况,提出了应急实施流程的优化步骤。归纳了资源约束条件,构建了最小化实施流程相对损失和的数学模型,并结合实例进行讨论分析。求解结果表明,通过合理配置活动基元的资源投入,可以减小应急实施流程的整体相对损失,实现对应急实施流程的优化。文中的研究可为非常规突发事件应急实施流程的优化提供定量化决策支持。     

无线网络虚拟化架构与关键技术

提出采用集中式和分布式的动态频谱管理技术来提升频谱资源利用效率,解决无线网络虚拟化中频谱资源难以高效分配与不易管理难题;认为为了构建一个稳定、灵活和开放的无线网络虚拟化架构,需要从虚拟网络的隔离、信令优化设计、通用接口设计、用户移动性管理等方面开展研究。     

大学英语学习资源网站主要功能实现技术

随着互联网技术的发展,教育信息化在我国教育中的地位越来越重要.建立英语学习资源网站可以延伸教学空间、拓展教育平台,为英语学习者提供新的学习方式.文中在设计英语学习资源网站功能结构的基础上,对其3个主要功能的实现技术进行研究.一是资源上传,包括用Web控件FileUpload和用Html控件HtmlInputFile;二是资源下载,包括TransmitFile实现下载和WriteFile实现下载;三是基于向量空间模型的全文检索算法.运用本文技术构建的英语学习资源网站,分类清晰、技术先进、方法简单,对促进英语学习具有一定的理论和现实意义.     

一种模态傅里叶-支持向量机优化的取用水监测异常数据重构方法

提高数据的完备与真实性是水资源监控能力建设的关键。针对国家水资源监控能力建设项目实施以来其监测数据呈现出的异常特征,按照“先粗筛后精选”逻辑,并考虑取用水季节性周期波动的特点,提出采用拉依达准则-模态分解-傅里叶残差修正的水监测数据异常值识别方法,并根据粒子群优化最小二乘支持向量机模型实现对异常数据的重构恢复。通过对企业取用水数据的实例分析,结果表明分段式拉依达准则在其监测异常数据的粗筛中具有较好的适用性,利用傅里叶修正集合模态分解的监测数据序列可取得更佳的拟合效果,从而达到异常数据精选的目的;而粒子群优化最小二乘支持向量机模型对异常数据重构恢复的可信度高于普通最小二乘支持向量机及传统曲线拟合数据重构方法,即该类取用水监测异常数据重构方法可有助于进一步推进其监测数据对实际水资源状态的客观反映。     

Novice facilitators’ changes in practices: From launching to managing discussions about mathematics teaching

Novice facilitators of professional development (PD) programs for mathematics teachers often face challenges in leading productive discussions and achieving the goals of these programs. Although research in this area is gradually accumulating, not much is known about how novice facilitators address these challenges and change their practices accordingly. This paper presents case studies of two novice facilitators of PD programs in two different countries. The analyses look at their work over one year, to illustrate the changes in their practices while managing discussions. The results show that although the facilitators operated in different contexts, their practices and their processes of change resembled, suggesting that these processes are not idiosyncratic. We argue that novice facilitators’ changes in practices correspond to changes in their resources, orientations, goals, and identities and that PD program teams can support these changes.