Transient electrophoresis of a charged porous particle

The starting electrophoretic motion of a porous, uniformly charged, spherical particle, which models a solvent-permeable and ion-penetrable polyelectrolyte coil or floc of nanoparticles, in an arbitrary electrolyte solution due to the sudden application of an electric field is studied for the first time. The unsteady Stokes/Brinkman equations with the electric force term governing the fluid velocity fields are solved by means of the Laplace transform. An analytical formula for the electrophoretic mobility of the porous sphere is obtained as a function of the dimensionless parameters , , , and , where a is the radius of the particle, κ is the Debye screening parameter, λ is the reciprocal of the square root of the fluid permeability in the particle, ρ_p and ρ are the mass densities of the particle and fluid, respectively, ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, and t is the time. The electrophoretic mobility normalized by its steady-state value increases monotonically with increases in and , but decreases monotonically with an increase in , keeping the other parameters unchanged. In general, a porous particle with a high fluid permeability trails behind an identical porous particle with a lower permeability and a corresponding hard particle in the growth of the normalized electrophoretic mobility The normalized electrophoretic acceleration of the porous sphere decreases monotonically with an increase in the time and increases with an increase in from zero at .     

Small-angle X-ray study of air-dried elastoidin using three- and one- dimensional correlation functions obtained from slit-smeared intensity

In the present paper an isotropic sample of air-dried elastoidin has been studied considering it to be a non-ideal two-phase densely packed system after the theories by Vonk [1]. The relevant important physical parameters obtained for the sample areE, the width of the transition layer,D, the average periodicity transverse to the layers, S/V, the specific inner surface ₁ and ₂, the volume fraction of two phases, i. e. matter and void,l ₁ andl ₂ the transversal lengths,l _r, the range of inhomogeneity,l _c, the length of coherence and 2E/D, the volume fraction of the transition layer. The values ofE obtained by two approches as given by Vonk [1] and Ruland [2] show but a small difference indicating the correctness of the analysis.     

On the electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of montmorillonite in non-aqueous media

Experimental results on the electrophoretic velocity and mobility of Ca-montmorillonite in 2-propanol are reported. The variation of the electrophoretic velocity with the externally applied electric field and the particle size range, at constant volume fraction and temperature, is considered. Given the difficulties for determining the types and concentrations of ions present in these liquid media, two methods are discussed for the estimation of the double layer thickness and hence the product, necessary for the determination of the zeta potential () of the interface. Although both methods of calculation yield different values of, the results for the zeta potential are very similar in the regions of and characteristic of our systems. The application to the experimental data of three theoretical relations between electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential is also discussed.     

Recent development of non-faradaic potentiometry

Non-faradaic potentiometry has been plagued by a great many fundamental errors and a lack of conceptualization. Of greatest concern is the second Nernst equation hiatus. Potentiometry may be generally classified as faradaic and non-faradaic. The former deals with the redox reactions using the Nernst equation to explain the potential origin. The latter deals with the non-redox reactions using the Boltzmann and modified Boltzmann equations to explain the origin of electrode potential. Redox faradaic potentiometry has been well described in the textbooks. However, non-faradaic potentiometry has been almost completely neglected in the literature. Many well-known electrodes, such as the pH glass electrode, common reference electrodes, and ion selective electrodes (ISE) have been mistakenly interpreted as redox reactions or ion exchange reactions. New theories and experimental results show their mechanisms to be non-faradaic in nature. Furthermore, the reaction mechanisms for ISE have been confused in textbooks with redox reactions and the Nernst equation. The ISE potentials originating from adsorption of ions or charged particles based on surface charge density will be explained using the double and counterion triple layers concept. The new counterion triple layer concept may be applied to the potential development of sensors. The reason for a new concept, theory, or mechanism is to better explain the phenomena. Examples will be given of how our new concept explains the capacitor, counterion triple layer, surface adsorbed layers interactions, and the interface structure. We will also discuss the new sensor development based on the new adsorption concept. For the first time a new type of Ag/AgCl reference electrode for non-faradaic potentiometry will be presented, one without a liquid junction and with a Pt wire instead of a salt bridge. They will help open up a new horizon for electrochemical sensor research and may be used under unusual conditions, such as high temperature and high pressure, stirring, etc.     

Evaluation of phenyldimethylethoxysilane treated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic plates. Application to analysis of flavonoids inScutellariae radix

Summary The retention and selectivity of flavonoids (baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A) inScutellariae radix have been studies by high-performance thin-layer chromatography on phenyldimethylethoxysilane-treated silica plates. The silica plates treated with phenyl groups were used for physical and chemical analysis. From elemental carbon analysis, the maximum number of bonded phenyl surface groups per gram was calculated to be 0.467×10²¹ (Oginal silica plate: Merck Art. 15109, Silica gel 100 F₂₅₄). With methanol-1/15 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.2) mixtures as mobile phase, baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A inScutellariae radix were separated. It has been shown that phenyl-treated plates are more suitable for selective separation of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A than octadecyl-treated plates.     

3—Mercaptopropionic Acid Capped Gold Nanoclusters：Quantized Capacitance in Aquesous Media

3-Mercaptopropionic acid monolayer protected gold nanoclusters (MPA-MPCs) were synthesized and characterized by transmission electorn microscopy,UV-Vis spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourler transform infrared spectroscopy.The exact value of quantized double-layer capacitance of MPCs in aqueous media was obtained by differential pulse voltammograms.     

Multilayer adsorption with variable thickness at solid-liquid interfaces

 The multilayer adsorption on the solid/liquid interface in binary mixtures was studied by adsorption space filling with constant and variable layer thickness. Adsorption from benzene/n-heptane mixtures was examined on hydrophilic and hydro-phobic surfaces. The free enthalpy of adsorption, Δ₂₁ G=f (x ₁), was calculated from the adsorption excess isotherm by integration of the Gibbs equation. Supposing that the free enthalpy is mainly due to adsorption in the first layer, the composition of this layer can be calculated from the Δ₂₁ G=f (x ₁) function. It was established that the adsorption layer thickness in benzene/heptane mixtures increases significantly with increasing benzene content. This statement was supported by X-ray diffraction on hydrophobic clay minerals. Received: 2 April 1997 Accepted: 10 June 1997     

旋转薄层色谱分离聚合物

报道了旋转薄层色谱分级聚合物，及配合直接扫描密度法测定分子量分布的结果．在旋转薄层硅胶板上用混合溶剂成功地分离并直接收集了聚苯乙烯２１个级分，分子量测定结果与ＧＰＣ法基本一致．初步认为旋转薄层色谱以薄层吸附色谱分离机理为基础，采用连续注入流动相和旋转薄层板离心力相结合的方式，改善并加快了分离效果     

生物检材中乌头类生物碱的检验

 用薄层 (TLC)、高效液相 光电二极管阵列检测器 (HPLC/DAD)、动物实验等方法对生物检材中乌头生物碱进行检验 ,并对这些方法进行比较。结果发现 ,TLC法为此类药物检验筛选的首选方法 ,最小检出量为 0 3μg。在进行HPLC检测时 ,以乌头生物碱的特征紫外吸收光谱和动物实验结果为重要的定性手段 ,其特征吸收波长为 (2 2 8± 2 )nm和 (2 75± 2 )nm。乌头生物碱在 2mg/L～ 5 0mg/L时其峰面积与质量浓度有很好的线性 ,相关系数为 0 9996。经实际案件证明 ,方法准确、灵敏 ,可用于生物检材中乌头类生物碱的检验。