Photopolymerization mechanisms of acrylates in poly(methyl methacrylate) films

Photoinitiation processes for photopolymer coating layers have been investigated with respect to quenching rates by a laser flash photolysis using a total reflection cell, as well as to the decomposition‐quantum yield of a sensitizer dye and a radical‐generating reagent by a gel permeative chromatographic analysis (GPC); the sensitizer dye,2‐[p‐(diethylamino)styryl]naphtho[1,2‐d]‐thiazole (DNT) and the radical‐generating reagent, 2,2′‐bis(2‐chlorophenyl)‐4,4′,5,5′‐tetraphenyl‐1,1′‐bi‐1H‐imidazole (BI). From experiments using flash photolysis, strong fluorescence was observed at excitation of 355 nm laser pulse, though no transient absorption was observed. The fluorescence was statically quenched by BI with a quenching distance, R = 11 Å. From the experiments using GPC, the high‐quantum yield of decomposition (Φ) was obtained as Φ (DNT) = 3 and Φ (BI) = 9 for DNT and BI in the presence of acrylate monomers, trimethyrolpropanetri‐acrylate (TMPTA), at 488 nm exposure of 3.36 mJ cm which was required to form a photo‐hardened image, however no decomposition of DNT and BI was detected in the absence of TMPTA. The results imply that the photoinitiator system undergoes efficient static‐dye sensitization and efficient polymerization of the acrylate monomers accompanied with the chain decomposition of DNT and BI. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

计算全息检测离轴非球面的离散相位拟合

为了计算补偿用计算全息图的刻线位置,需要对光线追迹得到的离散相位数据进行拟合。为此详细推导了均匀三次B样条和非均匀三次B样条的基函数,介绍了各自对应的曲面拟合方法。以一块抛物型离轴非球面数据为例,对其非对称的离散相位分布进行了三次B样条曲面拟合。拟合结果表明,三次B样条曲面拟合能使拟合面经过所有数据点,保证拟合精度,且得到的连续的相位补偿函数表达式结构简单（最高次数只有3次）, 还能根据实际情况优化采样点数量,控制计算量。     

Universal computation in excitable media: the 2 + medium

In this paper we address the problem of how to build a universal computer in an excitable medium. We construct a cellular automata model of a two-dimensional excitable medium (the 2 + medium) evolving in discrete time, with the following properties: every element of the medium has three states (rest, excited and refractory); an element interacts with the eight closest elements; an element in the rest state becomes excited only if exactly two of its eight neighbours are excited. To prove that the 2+ medium is a minimal cellular automata model of a physical universal computing system, we design the minimal logical gates NOT, AND and NOT-AND. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

银覆盖冠状硅柱阵列基底的制备、SERS特性分析及肿瘤标志物miRNA-106a的检测

以聚苯乙烯(PS)小球为模板,采用金属辅助刻蚀和湿法化学刻蚀技术,制备大面积冠状硅柱阵列,再原位生长银纳米粒子后得到银覆盖冠状硅柱阵列(Ag/Si CPA)基底。实验表明,制备的基底具有优良的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)特性,电磁增强因子达到1.81×10~6。同时,将制备的罗丹明分子(R6G)标记的DNA发卡探针与基底链接,在与miRNA-106a互补杂交后进行SERS信号检测,获得相应的剂量-响应曲线。结果表明,基于(Ag/Si CPA)基底的SERS特性,开展miRNA-106a的检测,具有特异性好和灵敏度高的优势,检测范围为1 fmol·L~(-1)～100 pmol·L~(-1),检测极限为0.917 fmol·L~(-1)。此外,与实时荧光定量多聚核苷酸链式反应(RT-qPCR)方法相比,不仅检测结果一致,而且基于SERS光谱技术的检测方法具有更高的灵敏度。     

Isotropic polynomial invariants of Hall tensor

The Hall tensor emerges from the study of the Hall effect, an important magnetic effect observed in electric conductors and semiconductors. The Hall tensor is third-order and three-dimensional, whose first two indices are skew-symmetric. This paper investigates the isotropic polynomial invariants of the Hall tensor by connecting it with a second-order tensor via the third-order Levi-Civita tensor. A minimal isotropic integrity basis with 10 invariants for the Hall tensor is proposed. Furthermore, it is proved that this minimal integrity basis is also an irreducible isotropic function basis of the Hall tensor.     

利用改进的ADI方法实现单机千万节点的油水两相渗流数值模拟

针对实际油藏的非均质分布特征及其复杂的边界条件,本文通过引入迭代参数的压缩因子和放大因子,对现有的交替方向迭代法(ADI)进行改进,提出一种适用于大规模油藏数值模拟的新算法．改进的ADI 方法计算精度可靠,且与现有的算法相比计算效率有所提高．更为关键的是,ADI 算法将求解三维压力方程的七对角矩阵分解为三个方向的三对角矩阵依次迭代求解,所需的运算存储量大幅减少,最大的计算规模有了大幅的提升．使用改进的ADI 方法,在单机上成功实现了千万节点的油水两相渗流数值模拟．计算实例表明,在同等单机硬件条件下,改进ADI 算法的最大计算规模是现有算法的1.7 倍以上．     

Simulation of sputtering from ion-beam-roughened carbon surfaces

Effects of ion-induced surface roughness on sputtering of amorphous carbon under ion bombardment are studied by means of binary-collision computer simulation in a wide range of incidence angles. Most simulations refer to 1–10?keV Ar ion bombardment, and sinusoidal ripple morphology is assumed. It is shown that surface roughness is a key factor to achieve quantitative agreement with experiment. The simulation results are compared with the analytical estimates of the yield from sine-shaped and ridged surfaces based on continuum models of ion sputtering. Some deviations between the results are discussed.     

Superelectrophilic Activation of N‐Substituted Isatins: Implications for Polymer Synthesis,a Theoretical Study

The stability and reactivity of mono‐ and multi‐protonatred N‐substituted isatin derivatives were studied at PBE0/aug‐cc‐pvtz//PBE0/6‐31+G** level of theory in triflic acid (TFSA) solution. Calculations showed that the monocationic intermediates are the principal reactive species in the reaction of hydroxyalkylation of isatin derivatives in TFSA media. Electron‐withdrawing substituents on the nitrogen atom increase the reactivity of isatin‐containing electrophiles towards aromatic hydrocarbons, in accordance with their expected electronic influence. Steric factors also play an important role in the reactivity of isatin‐containing electrophiles, especially in the second reaction step, due to their more sterically hindered reactive center.

     

Structural modifications of diamond like carbon films induced by MeV nitrogen ion irradiation

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on Si(1 0 0) substrates using plasma deposition technique. The deposited films were irradiated using 2 MeV N⁺ ions at fluences of 1×10¹⁴, 1×10¹⁵ and 5×10¹⁵ ions/cm². Samples have been characterized by using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Analysis of Raman spectra shows a gradual shift of both D and G band peaks towards higher frequencies along with an increase of the intensity ratio, I(D)/I(G), with increasing ion fluence in irradiation. These results are consistent with an increase of sp² bonding. XPS results also show a monotonic increase of sp²/sp³ hybridization ratio with increasing ion fluence. Plan view TEM images show the formation of clusters in the irradiated DLC films. HRTEM micrographs from the samples irradiated at a fluence of 5×10¹⁵ ions/cm² show the lattice image with an average interplanar spacing of 0.34 nm, revealing that the clusters are graphite clusters. The crystallographic planes in these clusters are somewhat distorted compared to the perfect graphite structure.     

Observation of internal-conversion electrons induced by inelastic nuclear resonant scattering

Measurements of the internal-conversion electron emission due to the inelastic nuclear resonant excitation are reported. thin films of 20 and 1.3 nm thickness were deposited on Si(1 1 1), and the internal-conversion electrons were measured as a function of the photon energy. From the inelastic part of the spectra, the phonon density of states was obtained. Whereas the phonon density of states of 20-nm thick film resembles that of bulk -Fe, the 1.3-nm thick film revealed an obvious softening of the acoustic mode.