U:CaF_2晶体的分凝特性与光谱性质

应用TGT法生长了直径为 75mm的U :CaF2 晶体 ,宏观上透明完整 .应用公式K0 =Cs Cl 计算了U在CaF2 晶体中的分凝系数等于 0 5 3.应用溶质分布一般公式Cs=K0 C0 (1-g) K0 - 1 ,计算U的浓度分布与测量值 ,数值符合说明晶体生长过程接近平衡状态 .分析不同条件下生长的U :CaF2 晶体的晶胞参数和吸收光谱 ,结果表明生长气氛决定U的价态及电荷补偿机理 :无PbF2 存在的条件下 ,U为 4价 ,晶体呈绿色 ;PbF2 的加入起到氟化去氧作用 ,U倾向于以离子半径最接近于Ca2 的U3 存在 ,晶体呈红色 .从晶体生长开始到结束的部位 ,U3 :CaF2 晶体吸收光谱的峰位不变 ,峰强呈现与U浓度相同的增加趋势 .U3 :CaF2 晶体外层厚约 5mm处呈黄色 ,含有U3 和U2 的混合价态离子 ,其原理是石墨坩埚的还原作用通过单质铅 ,使部分的U3 进一步还原成了U2 .     

Thermal Stabilities of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)/Calcium Carbonate (PVC/CaCO3) Composites

Poly(vinyl chloride)/calcium carbonate (PVC/CaCO₃) composites with micrometer or nanometer CaCO₃ as fillers were prepared by the solution blending method. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the composite films conducted in N₂ atmosphere showed that the addition of the CaCO₃ fillers could improve their thermal stabilities. It was also found that the nanometer CaCO₃ filler provided better thermal stabilities than the micrometer fillers even with a smaller amount. The mechanism of the improvements was investigated by a facile chemical analysis developed to examine the thermal stabilizing effect of calcium carbonate particles with different sizes in PVC/CaCO₃ composites after the pyrolysis of the samples in an air atmosphere in an oven.     

Wiederholte Auswertung von TL-Dosimetern (CaF2) mittels UV-Photostimulation

TL-Dosimeter auf der Basis von natürlichem CaF₂ können im Bereich von 50 bis 3000 rd mit Hilfe der UV-Photostimulation zum zweiten Mal ausgewertet werden. Als Störeffekt tritt dabei die UV-Empfindlichkeit des Leuchtstoffes auf, die sich zur Schaffung eines UV-Dosimeters ausnutzen läβt.     

CaO表面CO对NO还原作用的实验与模型研究

循环流化床炉内石灰石脱硫对NOx排放产生影响,包括对挥发分氮氧化的催化作用以及对CO-NO还原的催化作用。利用固定床反应器对不同条件下CaO颗粒表面NO+CO的催化反应特性进行了探究。实验表明,无氧条件下,CaO能够显著催化CO还原NO,NO转化率与反应温度和CO浓度正相关,与NO浓度负相关.基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理建立了CaO催化NO+CO反应动力学模型,模型考虑了颗粒内、外扩散的影响.该模型适用于氧气浓度很低、CO浓度较高条件下。而在有氧气氛中,该反应受到明显抑制,且O2浓度越高,抑制作用越明显;当CaO周围氧气浓度远大于CO时,可忽略CaO对NO的催化还原作用。     

In Situ Liquid SAXS Studies on the Early Stage of Calcium Carbonate Formation

Calcium carbonate is a model system to investigate the mechanism of solid formation by precipitation from solutions, and it is often considered in the debated classical and nonclassical nucleation mechanism. Despite the great scientific relevance of calcium carbonate in different scientific areas, little is known about the early stage of its formation. Therefore, contactless devices are designed that are capable of providing informative investigations on the early stages of the precipitation pathway of calcium carbonate in supersaturated solutions using classical scattering methods such as wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. In particular, SAXS is exploited for investigating the size of entities formed from supersaturated solutions before the critical conditions for amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) nucleation are attained. The saturation level is controlled and kept constant by mixing four diluted solutions (i.e., NaOH, CaCl₂, NaHCO₃, H₂O) at constant T and pH. The scattering data are collected on a liquid jet generated about 75 s after the mixing point. The data are modeled using parametric statistical models providing insight about the size distribution of denser matter in the liquid jet. Theoretical implications on the early stage of solid formation pathway are inferred.     

Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles as a Novel Gene Carrier

Hydroxyapatite crystalline nanoparticles were created by a precipitation hydrothermal technique and the majority of crystal particles were in the size range of 40–60nm and exhibited a colloidal feature when suspended in water. The gastric cancer SGC-7901 cell line cells were cultivated in the presence of10–100 μg ml⁻¹ hydroxyapatite nanoparticle suspension and verified by MTT evaluation for their biocompatibility in vitro. The agarose gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that the HA nanoparticles potentially adsorb the green fluorescence protein EGFP-N1 plasmid DNA at pH 2 and 7, but not at pH 12. The DNA–nanoparticle complexes transfected EGFP-N1 pDNA into SGC-7901 cells in vitro with the efficiency about 80% as referenced with Lipofectmine TM 2000. In vivo animal experiment revealed no acute toxic adverse effect 2weeks after tail vein injection into mice, and TEM examination demonstrated their biodistribution and expression within the cytoplasm and also a little in the nuclei of the liver, kidney and brain tissue cells. These results suggest that the HA nanoparticle is a promising material that can be used as gene carrier, vectors.     

GGBS及其激发剂固化合肥湖积软土的试验研究

将CaO和石膏作为激发剂掺入粒化高炉矿渣微粉(GGBS)制备GGBS+CaO+石膏固化黏土,通过无侧限抗压强度试验研究固化黏土的强度变化规律,基于正交试验确定GGBS、CaO和石膏三掺量的最佳配合比。研究表明:单掺GGBS对软土有一定的固化效果,但固化速度慢、效果差;将CaO、石膏和GGBS混合后固化效果明显,固化土3d(天)即可形成一定强度。养护28d后,固化黏土最大强度可以达到2.9MPa;利用极差分析得出石膏掺量变化对抗压强度的影响最大,GGBS次之,CaO影响最小;GGBS、CaO和石膏三掺量固化黏土最佳配合比分别为11%、3.5%和5%。上述研究成果为在合肥滨湖地区应用矿渣类软土固化剂提供了理论依据。     

Biodegradable Elastic Sponge from Nanofibrous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramic as an Advanced Material for Regenerative Medicine

Biodegradable porous calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics are widely used as synthetic graft substitutes for bone regeneration, owing to their chemical and structural similarity to bone and associated bioactivity in terms of bone-bonding, osteoconductive, and even osteoinductive properties. Nevertheless, the intrinsic brittleness and poor processability of porous CaP ceramics strongly impair their clinical applicability. Herein, a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) sponge is developed that consists of a self-supporting network of seamlessly interwoven hydroxyapatite nanowires and β-tricalcium phosphate nanofibers and possesses a highly interconnected porous structure with open cell geometry and ultrahigh porosity. Owing to its unique properties, the ceramic sponge can be easily processed into various shapes and dimensions, such as cylindrical scaffolds and thin, flexible membranes. Moreover, the BCP sponge can be introduced into a bone defect in a compacted or folded state from a syringe and, upon wetting, expand to its original shape, thereby filling the cavity. The nanofibrous sponge gradually degrades in vitro and rapidly mineralizes when immersed in simulated body fluid. Moreover, it adsorbs significantly more proteins than a conventional porous BCP ceramic. Finally, the nanofibrous sponge supports the attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells comparable to the conventional porous BCP ceramic.     

Thermodynamic Aspects of Molluscan Shell Ultrastructural Morphogenesis

Over the years, molluscan shells have become an exemplar model system to study the process of mineral formation by living organisms, the process of biomineralization. Typically, the shells consist of a number of mineralized ultrastructural motifs, each exhibiting a specific mineral‐organic composite architecture. These are made of calcium carbonate building blocks having a well‐defined three‐dimensional morphology that is significantly different from the shape of inorganically formed counterparts. Shell ultrastructures are known to form via a biologically controlled extracellular mineralization pathway in which the organism has no direct control over mineral formation. The cellular tissue, responsible for shell biomineralization, forms an organic framework and sets‐up the physical conditions necessary for the deposition of a specific morphology, whereas the growth of the mineral part of the shell proceeds spontaneously via the process of self‐assembly. In this feature article, the ability to employ thermodynamic models from classical materials science to describe the process of self‐assembly and structural evolution of a variety of shell architectures is reviewed. Having the potential to offer an analytical framework to express ultrastructure formation in time and in space, these models not only provide a deeper insight into shell biomineralization, but also suggest tools for novel composite materials design.     

A Green and Facile Way to Prepare Granadilla‐Like Silicon‐Based Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries

A yolk‐shell‐structured carbon@void@silicon (CVS) anode material in which a void space is created between the inside silicon nanoparticle and the outer carbon shell is considered as a promising candidate for Li‐ion cells. Untill now, all the previous yolk‐shell composites were fabricated through a templating method, wherein the SiO₂ layer acts as a sacrificial layer and creates a void by a selective etching method using toxic hydrofluoric acid. However, this method is complex and toxic. Here, a green and facile synthesis of granadilla‐like outer carbon coating encapsulated silicon/carbon microspheres which are composed of interconnected carbon framework supported CVS nanobeads is reported. The silicon granadillas are prepared via a modified templating method in which calcium carbonate was selected as a sacrificial layer and acetylene as a carbon precursor. Therefore, the void space inside and among these CVS nanobeads can be formed by removing CaCO₃ with diluted hydrochloric acid. As prepared, silicon granadillas having 30% silicon content deliver a reversible capacity of around 1100 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 250 mA g^?1 after 200 cycles. Besides, this composite exhibits an excellent rate performance of about 830 and 700 mAh g^?1 at the current densities of 1000 and 2000 mA g^?1, respectively.