矿物药炉甘石煅制前后锌、铅元素的赋存形态及分布特征研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)技术和电子探针微区分析(EPMA)技术针对中药炉甘石煅制前后锌、铅元素的赋存形态及分布特征进行了研究,探明了煅制对炉甘石中锌、铅元素赋存状态及分布的改变,为后续水飞减除铅元素的机理研究提供了理论依据。测试结果显示：21批次炉甘石(生品)中的锌元素以主矿物水锌矿[Zn₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆]和杂质矿物异极矿[Zn₄(OH)₂(H₂O)(Si₂O₇)]为主要赋存形态,偶见菱锌矿(ZnCO₃);炉甘石(生品)的背散射电子图谱及元素分布数据显示：Zn和Pb元素同时分布的区域为水锌矿,Zn和Si元素同时分布的区域为异极矿,Ca和Mg元素同时分布的区域为白云石,Ca元素单独分布区域为方解石。在炉甘石(生品)中,Pb主要分布于水锌矿中且分布相对均匀,Pb元素的分布与水锌矿中的Zn元素密切相关。大量水锌矿的微区点位的电子探针定量分析结果显示：各不同点位中的ZnO/PbO含量的比值趋于定值,Pb在水锌矿中呈统计式均匀分布,说明Pb在水锌矿中主要以类质同象混入物的形式存在。但是炉甘石(生品)中的异极矿、方解石及白云石等杂质矿物中铅元素含量极低甚至检测不到。炉甘石煅烧后水锌矿晶格中的Zn和Pb分别生成了ZnO和PbO。Zn元素在炉甘石煅制品中主要以氧化锌(ZnO)形式存在,少部分以杂质矿物硅酸锌(Zn₂SiO₄)形式存在,呈较连续状态分布。Pb元素在炉甘石煅制品中主要以氧化铅(PbO)的形式存在,呈星点状分布,与Zn元素的分布未呈现相关性,说明Pb在炉甘石煅制品中是以独立矿物形式存在的。煅烧破坏了水锌矿的晶格结构,在改变锌、铅化合物形态的同时,更改变了锌、铅的分布特征,打破了炉甘石中锌、铅的共生状态,使水飞减除铅元素成为可能。     

功能化磁性纳米粒子在乳状液制备及破乳中的应用及作用机制

功能化磁性纳米粒子因其独特的理化性质,在乳状液制备与破乳领域的应用受到广泛关注。本文归纳了功能化磁性纳米粒子的制备方法、合成结构与特征性质,阐述了其在乳状液制备及破乳中的应用过程,重点分析了磁性纳米粒子在溶液中良好分散、稳定吸附于油水界面排布为膜结构的作用行为,尤其是磁性纳米粒子的磁响应特征对乳状液中界面性质、液滴形貌及运动状态的影响,并进一步总结出其表面性质及作用行为对稳定乳状液或使乳状液破乳的规律。针对磁性纳米粒子对乳状液稳定性影响规律的探究可为其在应用领域提供理论支持。最后本文就功能化磁性纳米粒子研究中亟待解决的新问题作出展望。     

The effect of initial geometric imperfection on the nonlinear resonance of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite rectangular plates

The purpose of the present study is to examine the impact of initial geometric imperfection on the nonlinear dynamical characteristics of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) rectangular plates under a harmonic excitation transverse load. The considered plate is assumed to be made of matrix and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The rule of mixture is employed to calculate the effective material properties of the plate. Within the framework of the parabolic shear deformation plate theory with taking the influence of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia into account, Hamilton’s principle is utilized to derive the geometrically nonlinear mathematical formulation including the governing equations and corresponding boundary conditions of initially imperfect FG-CNTRC plates. Afterwards, with the aid of an efficient multistep numerical solution methodology, the frequency-amplitude and forcing-amplitude curves of initially imperfect FG-CNTRC rectangular plates with various edge conditions are provided, demonstrating the influence of initial imperfection, geometrical parameters, and edge conditions. It is displayed that an increase in the initial geometric imperfection intensifies the softening-type behavior of system, while no softening behavior can be found in the frequency-amplitude curve of a perfect plate.     

AISI 4340钢干滑动摩擦磨损特性研究

室温条件下,采用CFT-Ⅰ型多功能材料表面综合性能测试仪对AISI 4340钢进行了往复干摩擦磨损试验,研究了其摩擦磨损特性.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对磨痕和亚表层进行了观察和检测,分析了磨损表面微观形貌、亚表层塑性变形和碳氧元素含量演化.结果表明:磨损形式以磨粒磨损为主,并伴随轻微黏着磨损和剥落磨损;磨损表面分布着长度、宽度、深度不一的划痕以及鳞片状和颗粒状磨屑;磨损表面出现轻微氧化,磨屑呈现不同程度的碳富集和氧化;亚表层出现明显摩擦影响层,距表层越近,塑性变形越明显,晶界角逐渐汇聚于表面,在表面处趋于平行;往复运动导致塑性变形方向不一致,磨痕中部,塑性变形向某位置聚集.     

核主泵叶轮间隙的轴向振动特性研究

具有径向流的间隙结构广泛存在于轴承结构与旋转机械中,间隙中的流固耦合作用可能影响整体结构的运动稳定性。基于理论间隙模型和核主泵的实际结构,本文对径向间隙流引起的轴向振动进行了多方面的研究。当间隙的一个壁面产生轴向振动并处于旋转状态时,壁面受到由径向流引起的时变轴向力,因此间隙为叶轮提供附加的轴向刚度和阻尼。通过研究以水为介质的理论间隙模型,发现径向间隙流会引起负的等效轴向动力系数（刚度和阻尼）,并且流道形状是影响间隙轴向动力特性的重要因素。扩张流道和平行流道会产生负的轴向动力系数,特别是负阻尼会引起结构振动发散;而收缩流道间隙具有稳定的轴向动力特性。最后,对AP1000核主泵原型叶轮间隙模型进行分析,结果表明,间隙会引起轴向负刚度,并且在一定工况下出现负阻尼,此时系统轴向稳定性及结构安全运行将受到严重的不良影响。     

极端工况双矩形腔静压推力轴承动态特性

静压推力轴承动态特性受润滑油黏度、油膜厚度和油腔面积等因素影响, 极端工况运行过程中经常承受阶跃载荷或正弦载荷作用, 突加载荷将导致静压推力轴承动态特性改变, 表现为轴承的抗冲击能力和恢复平衡所需时间的变化. 为获得高速重载微间隙极端工况条件下双矩形腔静压推力轴承动态特性, 分别在不同油膜厚度、不同润滑油黏度以及不同油腔尺寸条件下对双矩形腔静压推力轴承的动态性能进行理论分析, 探讨了阶跃载荷作用下润滑油黏度、油膜厚度和油腔面积对轴承动态性能的影响, 揭示了油膜动态变化规律, 探究了正弦载荷作用下双矩形腔静压推力轴承的稳定性. 结果表明: 润滑油黏度、油膜厚度和油腔尺寸变化对其动态性能有很大的影响. 润滑油黏度越大、油膜厚度越小、油腔面积越大突加载荷作用下润滑油膜抵抗冲击的能力越强, 旋转工作台受到突加外力作用下恢复至平衡状态所用时间越短. 双矩形腔静压推力轴承油膜具有较大的阻尼系数, 轴承具有极强的抵抗正弦加载作用的能力      

Experimental investigation on the wake interference among wind turbines sited in atmospheric boundary layer winds

We examined experimentally the effects of incom-ing surface wind on the turbine wake and the wake interfer-ence among upstream and downstream wind turbines sited in atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds. The experi-ment was conducted in a large-scale ABL wind tunnel with scaled wind turbine models mounted in different incom-ing surface winds simulating the ABL winds over typical offshore/onshore wind farms. Power outputs and dynamic loadings acting on the turbine models and the wake flow char-acteristics behind the turbine models were quantified. The results revealed that the incoming surface winds significantly affect the turbine wake characteristics and wake interference between the upstream and downstream turbines. The velocity deficits in the turbine wakes recover faster in the incoming surface winds with relatively high turbulence levels. Varia-tions of the power outputs and dynamic wind loadings acting on the downstream turbines sited in the wakes of upstream turbines are correlated well with the turbine wakes charac-teristics. At the same downstream locations, the downstream turbines have higher power outputs and experience greater static and fatigue loadings in the inflow with relatively high turbulence level, suggesting a smaller effect of wake inter-ference for the turbines sited in onshore wind farms.     

Investigation on the optimal configuration design and discharge characteristics of the helicon plasma tube

Helicon discharge is characterized by its high ionization efficiency. In order to obtain the desired density, the configuration design of the helicon discharge tube is carried out, and the discharge characteristics are then studied to explore the correlation between the plasma parameters and the input discharge parameters. Finite‐length helicon discharge theory is employed to calculate the plasma resistance R _p, and then the optimal tube length L _s, the radius r _p, and the tube–antenna gap d are confirmed. The partial and energy loss mechanisms of the tube are investigated based on low‐pressure discharge particle collision theory. The results show that, for a 10‐cm‐long Nagoya III type antenna, with a tube radius of 4 cm and length of 20 cm, the R _p versus n _e curves have peak values at n _e higher than 10¹² cm⁻³ when the magnetic field intensity B ₀ ≥ 200 G. We find that a local minimum of P _loss exists when p ₀ is ∼1.5–3.0 mTorr; meanwhile, the radial confinement reduces T _e and P _loss at constant p ₀.     

CFETR水冷包层两元混合增殖球床流动特性研究

作为中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)候选包层之一的水冷包层(WCCB),拟采用不同尺寸的两元混合增殖球床以增加球床的填充率,从而满足氚增殖比(TBR)要求。采用离散元方法(DEM)建立了满足中子学要求的CFETR水冷包层两元球床填充结构,通过CFD计算分析获取了氦气在球床颗粒间隙之间的流动特性,包括孔隙率分布、速度分布和压降等。     

用傅里叶分析法研究艾里光束远场传播特性

为了从理论上深入分析新型无衍射光束艾里光束在有限能量条件下的远场传播特性,首先,从决定光波在自由空间传播的一维旁轴波动方程入手,采用傅里叶分析法,结合艾里函数的特殊性质,并利用经过指数衰减的有限能量初始条件,完整给出了有限能量条件下用于精确描述一维艾里光束在自由空间传播特性的波动方程解析解.然后,利用所得到解析解分别对一维和二维艾里光束在自由空间的传播特性进行了研究,重点分析了不同参量条件对艾里光束进行无衍射传播和横向自加速的影响.研究表明:当任意横向尺度为100μm,衰减系数为0.03、0.05、0.07、0.1、0.2时,二维艾里光束无衍射传播距离分别为1 014、624、455、338、193mm;当横向尺度保持不变时,衰减系数越小,艾里光束保持无衍射传播的距离越大;当衰减系数保持不变时,横向尺度越小,艾里光束横向自加速越大.所采用的研究方法也可用于研究艾里光束在介质中的传播特性.