Heat capacities of concentrated multicomponent aqueous electrolyte solutions at various temperatures

The specific heat capacities of the aqueous multicomponent system NaCl +KCl+MgCl₂+CaCl₂ with ionic strength between 8.3 and 9.6 (resembling Dead Sea waters) were measured between 15°C and 45°C. The obtained data were fitted to an empirical equation as a function of concentration and temperature. The thermodynamic functions of the studied multicomponent system were found to be strongly influenced by changes in MgCl₂ concentrations. The application of Young's rule to such concentrated systems was checked at 25°C. The calculated (by Young's rule) specific heat capacitiesC _p and apparent molar heat capacities C_p, of these multicomponent electrolyte solutions were in reasonable agreement with the measured values (–0.008 J-g^–1-K^–1 and –2.6 J-mol^–1-K^–1, respectively).     

The validity of nonlinear Langevin equations

In the presence of internal noise the variables describing a system are intrinsically stochastic. If they constitute a Markov process the expansion enables one to extract a deterministic macroscopic equation and to compute the fluctuations in successive approximations. In the lowest or linear noise approximation the fluctuations can be represented by a Langevin equation, provided it is handled appropriately. Higher orders cannot be described by any white noise Langevin equation. The question whether the equation has to be interpreted according to Itô or Stratonovich concerns these higher orders, for which the equation is not valid anyway.     

Synthesis,characterization, and application of griseofulvin surface molecularly imprinted polymers as the selective solid phase extraction sorbent in rat plasma samples

In present study, an investigation was carried out to develop and validate an analytical method for the selective extraction and determination of griseofulvin (GSF) from plasma samples. For this purpose, a rational approach was made to synthesize and characterize the surface molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs). The SMIPs were utilized as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. The SMIPs were prepared by using GSF as template molecule on the surface of modified silica particles through a non-covalent technique. The particles demonstrated high adsorption capacity (119.1 µg/mL), fast adsorption equilibrium time (30 min) and good recognition selectivity for the template drug. The scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy were used to explain the structural and morphological characteristics of the SMIPs and surface non-imprinted polymers. The SPE method was combined with HPLC for plasma analysis. The method validation results demonstrated that the established method possessed good linearity for GSF ranging from 0.1 to 50 µg/mL (R² = 0.997). The limit of detection for this method was 0.02 µg/mL for rat plasma samples. The recoveries of GSF from spiked plasma samples were (90.7–97.7%) and relative standard deviations were (0.9–4.5%). Moreover, the SMIPs as selective SPE sorbent can be reused more than 8 times which is a clear advantage over commercial SPE sorbents. Finally, the usefulness of the proposed strategy was assessed by extraction and detection of GSF in real rat plasma samples.     

RZ-DPSK传输系统相位噪声的比较分析

建立了单信道40Gbit／s归零-差分相移键控码（RZ-DPSK）传输系统模型，详细地分析并比较了线性相位噪声和非线性相位噪声对系统性能的影响。结果表明，由放大器自发辐射（ASE）噪声带来的线性相位噪声对传输系统的性能影响最大，ASE与自相位调制（SPM）相互作用引起的Gordon-Mollenauer（G-M）相移次之，带内四波混频（IFWM）的影响最小。在最优输入功率的条件下，由ASE带来的线性相位噪声引起的系统差分相位Q值代价大于204dB，由G-M相移引起的系统差分相位Q值代价小于7．5dB。仿真结果表明，对于采用掺铒光纤放大器（EDFA）级联放大的单信道40Gbit／s RZ-DPSK传输系统，ASE噪声是限制系统无中继传输距离的最主要因素。     

C波段微波低相位噪声介质振荡源

介绍了微波低相位噪声介质振荡器的设计方法。就影响介质振荡器相位噪声的因素进行了讨论,从谐振回路有载Q值、有源器件、增益压缩量、电路模式等几个方面提出了降低相位噪声的方法,并给出了一个C波段微波低相噪振荡器的设计实例。测试结果表明:该振荡器工作频率3 900 MH z,输出功率大于10 dBm,相位噪声达到-102 dB c/H z@1 kH z;-128 dB c/H z@10 kH z。     

一种相位开关型分频器电路的噪声分析

介绍了一种相位开关型分频器电路的噪声分析方法。这种方法基于频率综合器的频域模型,能比较准确地预测分频器的相位噪声和它对整个频率综合器相位噪声的影响。分频器电路采用0.18μm CM O S工艺设计,用于W CDM A通讯系统中。在分析过程中,针对此电路的相位开关结构,提出了一些改进其噪声性能的方法。最后用仿真结果进行分析验证,仿真结果和理论相符合。     

混沌时间序列降噪在数字通信中的一个应用

根据对非线性时间序列降噪的理论,本文采用Gradient Descent方法在CSK(Chaos shift Keying)系统的接收端对混沌时间序列进行降噪,获得一条比原来时间序列噪声更小的时间序列轨道,然后采用非相干检测技术对发射端传输的符号进行判断,理论分析和计算机仿真结果基本一致.     

一种UHF频段无线数据传输系统接入点的射频前端

介绍了UHF(特高频)频段无线数据传输系统中接入点的一种射频前端。该前端包括调制器、上变频器、功率放大器、低噪声放大器、下变频器、解调器、频率合成器、增益控制和收发切换开关等电路。介绍了射频前端的实现方案以及关键部件的设计与测试。制作完成的射频前端集成在一块1 5 0mm×1 0 0mm的4层印制电路版上。该前端最大输出功率可达2W,接收灵敏度优于-100 dBm,收发切换时延小于1.5μs,满足系统指标要求。     

一种基于MEMS的射频低相位噪声压控振荡器的研制

利用微机械可变电容作为频率调节元件,制备了一种中心频率为2GHz的 LC VCO.微机械可变电容的控制极板与电容极板分离,并采用表面微机械工艺制造,在2GHz时的Q值最高约为38.462.MEMS VCO的测试结果表明,偏离2.007GHz的载波频率100kHz处的单边带相位噪声为-107.5dBc/Hz,输出功率为-13.67dBm.对微机械可变电容引起的机械热噪声以及减小空气压膜阻尼来降低相位噪声的方法进行了讨论,提出了一种优化阻尼孔数目的方法.     

外腔长度对FBG-ECL输出特性的影响

根据光纤光栅外腔半导体激光器(FBG-ECL)的等效腔模型,讨论了外腔长度对FBG-ECL的调制特性、线宽以及强度噪声的影响.指出增大外腔长度可以使FBG-ECL具有很窄的线宽,非常适合应用在相干光通信系统中.同时发现,外腔长度的增大也将导致强度噪声、调制特性的恶化,外腔的选择对FBG-ECL应用在不同光通信系统中十分重要.