Development and application of an analytical protocol for evaluation of treatment processes for landfill leachates. II. Evaluation of leachate treatment efficiency of different steps in a constructed pilot plant

Different methods for treatment of leachate from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill were tested in a pilot plant. Raw leachate was pre-treated with aeration and sedimentation, followed by several parallel individual steps such as bioremediation, chemical oxidation, ozonation, and geo-bed filters. The efficiency of different treatment steps was evaluated according to one previously developed protocol, which includes measurements of several parameters such as conductivity, pH, nutrients, chloride, metals, organic compounds, and acute toxicity before and after a treatment step. The treatment steps which showed the highest efficiency towards organic pollutants in leachate were ozone treatment and chemical oxidation. The use of an adsorption filter, a geo-bed with a mixture of peat and bottom ash with ca 10% remaining carbon, also had good effects. A combination of pre-treatment and a geo-bed filter with peat and carbon ash gave the best overall treatment results when water-quality parameters such as total organic carbon and ammonia-nitrogen were also considered.     

A systematic investigation on flavonoids,catechin, β-sitosterol and lignin glycosides from Saraca asoca (ashoka) having anti-cancer & antioxidant properties with no side effect

Saraca asoca is an IUCN red-listed tree species that extensively famous in the Ayurvedic medicine field. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde belongs to the family Fabaceae, has been used to treat various gynecological disorders, bacterial infections, worm infestations, haemmorhagic dysentery, uterine pain, skin diseases, cancer, circulatory, cardiovascular disorders, and many others. All parts of the Saraca asoca have medicinal values. Numerous antioxidant compounds like flavonoids, catechin, beta-sitosterol, lignin glycosides are present in the bark, leaf, and flower of Saraca asoca plant, which help to stabilize free radicals molecules that are associated with the development of cancer conditions. Currently in the cancer research study field new and more effective modes of natural therapies are recently being analyzed. Traditional medicines have been used for their preventative role against various diseases in the human population. Plant based therapy for cancer prevention is becoming more demanding due to its various unique properties such as natural chemical composition, less expensiveness, naturally available., easily orally administrable, significant chemo-protective activities, nontoxic to normal cells in the body, less side effects compared to other synthetic chemotherapeutic drugs. The chemotherapeutic drugs will be harmful to both cancer and normal cells. Additionally, some common side effects or health consequences like vomiting, nausea, bleeding, hair fall, alopecia, hyperuricemia, thrombocytopenia, bone marrow depression, mucositis are very common after chemotherapeutic drug treatment in cancer. This review paper summarizes the evidences which agree with the fact that flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in Saraca asoca plant possess significant antioxidant activity and an efficient chemopreventive characteristic against different types of cancer. This paper reviews the anticancer activities of Saraca asoca bark and flower and discusses the potential preventive roles of phenolic and flavonoids compounds, present in bark and flower of Saraca asoca in the cancer treatment process.     

Visnagin inhibits cervical cancer cells proliferation through the induction of apoptosis and modulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathway

Cervical cancer, a silent killer is a second most common type of malignant tumor detected in women’s world wide. In modern medicine the usage of phytochemicals to develop drugs for treating various chronic diseases is rapidly increasing. One such phytochemical is visnagin, a furanochrome present in fruits of Ammi visnaga. We investigated the anticarcinogenic potency of visnagin against human cervical carcinoma cells. The antioxidant potency of visnagin was analyzed with FRAP assay, DPPH assay, Chemiluminscence assay and ORAC assay. The cytotoxic effect of visnagin on normal epithelial Vero cells and human cervical cancer HeLa cells were analyzed using MTT assay. The effect of visnagin on antioxidant system was examined by measuring the levels of TBARS, SOD and GSH using the colorimetric assay techniques. DCFH-DA staining, AO/EtBr staining, propidium iodide staining was performed to assess the apoptotic induction potency of visnagin against cervical cancer cells. The ability of visnagin to inhibit cancer cell migration was examined with scratch wound assay. The anticarcinogenic property of visnagin was confirmed by analyzing the gene expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling proteins and MAPK signaling proteins using qPCR analysis. Visnagin exhibited increased Trolox equivalent value in all the four antioxidant potency estimating experiments. Visnagin induced cytotoxic effect only on carcinoma cells, decreased the antioxidants and increased the generation of ROS. It also induced apoptosis and inhibited the cancer cell migration. The qPCR analysis confirms visnagin decreases the gene expression cell cycle regulating protein of both PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathway. Overall our results authentically prove visnagin inhibits the progression of cervical cancer in vitro. Therefore it can be an ideal drug of choice which can subject to further investigation for treating cervical cancer.     

Functionalization of bismuth sulfide nanomaterials for their application in cancer theranostics

Multifunctional bismuth sulfide (Bi₂S₃) nanomaterials exhibit significant potential as nanomedicines for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. These nanomaterials act as excellent photothermal agents and radiation sensitizers for the treatment of tumors, and they can also act as contrast agents for computed tomography (CT) imaging, photoacoustic imaging (PA), and other forms of imaging to provide real-time tumor monitoring and testing guidance. Compared with other nanomaterials, Bi₂S₃ nanomaterials can readily adapt to different applications by virtue of the fact that they can be easily functionalized. However, these nanomaterials have some limitations that cannot be ignored and need to be addressed, such as poor biocompatibility, toxicity, and low chemical stability. It is widely believed that appropriate functionalization of Bi₂S₃ nanomaterials could remedy such defects and significantly improve performance. This review summarizes the ways in which Bi₂S₃ nanomaterials can be functionalized and discusses their applications in cancer theranostics over the last few years, focusing particularly on imaging and therapy. We also discuss issues relating to how Bi₂S₃ nanomaterials can be analyzed, including how we might be able to use these systems to inhibit and treat tumors and how current limitations might be overcome to improve treatment efficacy. Finally, we hope to provide inspiration and guidance as to how we might create a more optimized multifunctional nano-system for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors.     

环境水镉污染应急处理的药物及条件挑选

探讨了硫酸铝、聚铝、聚铁对环境水体中的镉的沉淀能力,实验证明当在实际环境水样品中调节pH在7-9之间,聚铁或聚铝能对环境水体中的镉很好的沉淀作用,短期作用比较明显,药剂能在30min左右达到2h的处理效果的70%-90%,而长期作用后(18h)能将水体中的镉降低到10μg/L以下,一立方水的用药量在100-400g之间就可以到达很好的处理效果,而且无二次污染,可为环境水中镉污染的应急处理药品.     

Plasma Treatment of Polymers

Abstract

Plasma treatment of polymers encompasses a variety of plasma technologies and polymeric materials for a wide range of applications and dates back to at least the 1960s. In this article we provide a brief review of the United States patent literature on plasma surface modification technologies and a brief review of the scientific literature on investigations of the effects of plasma treatment, the nature of the plasma environment, and the mechanisms that drive the plasma–surface interaction. We then discuss low‐radio‐frequency capacitively coupled nitrogen plasmas and their characteristics, suggesting that they provide significant plasma densities and populations of reactive species for effective plasma treatments on a variety of materials, particularly when placing the sample surface in the cathode sheath region. We further discuss surface chemical characterization of treated polymers, including some results on polyesters treated in capacitively coupled nitrogen plasmas driven at 40 kHz. Finally, we connect plasma characterization with surface chemical analysis by applying a surface sites model to nitrogen uptake of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) treated in a 40 kHz nitrogen plasma. This example serves to suggest an interesting practical approach to comparisons of plasma treatments. In addition, it suggests an approach to defining the investigations required to conclusively identify the underlying treatment mechanisms.     

铝基刚挠结合板制作工艺探讨

金属铝基由于其良好的散热性能，广泛应用于LED方面；但随着PCB技术进一步向短、小、轻、薄的方向发展，其平面安装技术在安装空间方面受到了极大的限制，因此，如何实现金属基板三维折叠安装成为业界新的研究课题。对铝基＋软硬结合板的制作工艺进行了可行性探讨，通过铝基表面复合处理工艺＋纯胶预贴局部撕胶十二氧化碳激光切割技术有效实现了金属铝基与挠性电路的有机结合，满足了客户对金属基板实现三维安装的特种需求。     

The influence of treatment temperature on the acidity of MWCNT oxidized by HNO3 or a mixture of HNO3/H2SO4

The nature of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) varies with the change in oxidation conditions. In this work, the effect of treatment temperatures on the acidity of MWCNTs was studied. Oxidation was performed by refluxing the MWCNTs in nitric acid or mixtures of sulfuric acid and nitric acid at different temperatures. After oxidative treatment, a quantitative characterization of o-MWCNTs has been performed using acid-base titrations which show that the number of surface acidic functional groups increased by increasing the treatment temperatures. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) measurements show that the oxygen content increased with increasing treatment temperatures. Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for qualitative characterization. It has been demonstrated that the acidity is a function of the type of oxidizing agent used and the treatment temperatures. Due to the importance in attachment strategies and functionalization, this study adds to the global discussion of the possibility of controlling the MWCNTs’ surface chemistry which plays a crucial role in determining its reactivity.     

Ion implantation of semi—insulating InP materials

The methods for protecting InP surface against degradation during annealing,including encapsulant and encpsulant-free techniques;rapid thermal an-nealing of InP implanted layers;implanted ion species and some profiles of typical dopants,etc.,they are all the key techniques concerning ion implantation into se-mi-insulating InP,and have been reviewed synthetically as well.     

Effect of structural relaxation on Curie temperature and magnetostriction investigated by magnetoelastic waves in metglas

Summary Magnetoelastic wave amplitude, a, was measuredvs. the temperature during thermal cycles in Metglas 2826. When the Curie temperature,T _C, has been reached, theA value vanishes due to the fall of the magnetoelastic coupling in the paramagnetic state. This allows evaluation of theT _c temperature. The latter increases after the iterated thermal treatments while the magnetic anisotropyK _u decreases. Also theA amplitude, measured at room temperature after the subsequent thermal treatments, shows an increasing behaviour. The values ofK _u ,T _c andA approach saturation after the same number of thermal cycles; this suggests that the structural relaxation produced by annealing is the microscopic mechanism governing all the three physical quantities. In particular we explain the connection betweenK _u andA by means of the longitudinal magnetostriction.

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Riassunto L'ampiezza delle onde magnetoelastiche,A, è stata misurata in funzione della temperatura eseguendo cicli termici nel Metglas 2826. Raggiunta la temperatura di Curie,T _C l'ampiezzaA si annulla a causa della transizione dell'accoppiamento magnetoelastico nello stato paramagnetico. Ciò ci mette in grado di misurare la temperaturaT _C; quest'ultima aumenta in seguito ai ripetuti trattamenti termici mentre l'anisotropia magneticaK _u diminuisce. Anche l'ampiezzaA, misurata a temperatura ambiente dopo i trattamenti termici, mostra un andamento crescente. I valori diK _u,T _c eA tendono alla saturazione dopo lo stesso numero di cicli termici; ciò suggerisce che il rilassamento strutturale prodotto dalla ricottura è il meccanismo microscopico che regola le tre grandezze fisiche menzionate. In particolare noi mostriamo cheK _u eA sono legati dalla magnetostrizione longitudinale.

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Резюме Измеряется зависимость амплитуды магнитноупругой волны,A, от температуры в течение температурных циклов в металлическом стекле 2826. При достижении температуры Кюри,T _c, величинаA обращается в нуль из-за уменьшения магнитноупругой связи в парамагнитном состоянии. Это позволяет оценить темпаратуру Кюри,T _c. Температура Кюри увеличивается после повторных температурных обработок, тогда как магнитная анизотропияK _u уменьшается. Также отмечается увеличение амплитудыA, измеренной при комнатной температуре после последовательных температурных обработок. ВеличиныK _u,T _c иA приближаются к насьщению после одинакового числа температурных циклов. Это результат предполагает, что структурная релаксация, обусловленная отжигом, представляет микроскопический механизм, определяющий все три физические величины. В частности, мы объсняем связь междуK _u иA с помощью продольной магнитострикции.