Reactivity of no-clean pastes and fluxes for the surface mount technology process—part II: Corrosion risk measurements for printed circuit boards and solder joints

The introduction of no-clean pastes and fluxes for the surface mount technology process needs testing methods of high sensitivity and reliability to evaluate the activity of the residues after the reflow process. An electrochemical method is proposed, suitable to ascertain the reactivity and the corrosion risk of these residues. Products of normal use are tested, and their behavior described and compared. Surface morphologies and compositions are examined after reflow and after testing. Local surface oxides are investigated with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface analytical results are interpreted and related to the electrochemical behavior of solder joints. Tin is shown to have the most important role toward the onset of possible localized corrosion.     

Weathering of rock,corrosion of stone and rusting of iron

The central purpose of this paper is to present a survey of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors which influence the durability of masonry. In approaching this subject other themes are developed; in particular a study is made of the damage due to the volume changes which accompany all biological, physical and chemical changes. Light can be thrown on the corrosion of stone from a knowledge of the weathering of rocks throughout geological time, and this aspect is explored in the opening section of the paper. The final part of the paper consists of a study of the stresses and cracking of stone which can result from the expansive rusting of iron or steel reinforcements. Although mechanical damage dominates the discussion, some comments are made on the staining and dissolution of stone and examples are illustrated.

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Sommario Scopo del presente articolo e'presentare una rassegna dei fattori intrinseci ed estrinseci che influenzano la durabilita' della muratura. All'interno di tale rassegna si sviluppano altri temi, ed in particolare uno studio sui danni provocati dai cambiamenti di volume che accompagnano le modificatzioni biologiche, fisiche, chimiche. Nella prima parte dell'articolo ci si sofferma sulle modificazioni degli ammassi rocciosi durante le ere geologiche, e sul nesso tra i dati desunti da tale analisi e il problema della corroasione della pietra. La parte finale dell'articolo e'invece dedicata ad uno studio degli stati tensionali e fessurativi risultanti dall'espansione legata alla corrosione di elementi metallici di rinforzo posti all'interno della muratura. Benche' il danno strutturale sia l'argomento centrale della discussione, vengono anche presi in considerazione i problemi conness alla dissoluzione e alla comparsa di macchie, e si illustrano alcuni.

     

热水解离子色谱法测定岩石样品中的氯和硫

研究开发了一种热水解离子色谱法测定岩石样品中的氯和硫的方法技术。所研究开发的方法具有灵敏、高效、无干扰和准确的特点。实验研究和选择了热水解离子色谱测定的最佳工作条件。用测定的方法对6个国家一级岩石地球化学标准物质GSR1－6进行了分析测定，并在研究我国东部上地壳区域元素丰度实践中测定了2000件岩石样品。测定结果表明，测定值与标准物质的标准值一致。该方法的检出限分别国；氯31×10^-6。方法的精密度（RSD，％）对氯含量水平为40×10^-6，硫酸根含量水平180×10^-6时分别为6.1%和3.0%。     

悬浮粒子对电沉积Zn粉缓蚀性能的影响

在ＺｎＣｌ２镀槽中悬浮一定量的不溶性粒子，如石墨ＰｂＣ２，ＳｎＯ２，ＴｉＯ２，ＳｉＯ２等，电沉积制备Ｚｎ粉，并对其结构，形貌及腐蚀行为进行分析，ＳＥＭ的结果表明使用悬浮法可阻止Ｚｎ枝晶生长，悬浮ＰｂＯ２，ＳｎＯ２，ＴｉＯ２，ＳｉＯ２或Ｉｎ２Ｏ３等能明显地提高Ｚｎ粉在５ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＯＨ溶液中的缓蚀能力此外，文中还应用于分形理论对结果作了进一步讨论。     

Corrosion effects of nuclear tracks in polymers

Usually ion tracks are studies ex-situ, i.e. after removal of the ion-irradiated sample from the evacuated irradiation vessel. The exposure to ambient air leads to degradation effects which are frequently neglected and consequently have been studied rarely. They have never been explained consistently. In this work we compile and discuss them in the frame of today's general understanding of ion tracks in polymers. It appears that some pristine polymers such as polyethylene are covered by a surface layer which is badly permeable for gaseous contaminants. Ion irradiation leads to destruction of this protective layer so that oxygen and moisture from the ambient air can easily penetrate through the ion tracks, and eventually even into the surrounding pristine material. Moisture absorption along the tracks gives rise to some faint conductivity. Oxygen uptake adds new trapping centers to the existing ones along the tracks, so that on one hand an increased dopant uptake capability is recorded, and on the other hand oxygen-sensitive mobile dopants are immobilized along the ion tracks. Photooxidation processes contribute to the fading of the optical blackening of irradiated polymers.     

Racemization of sulfinic esters with trichloroacetic anhydride

Both alkane- and arene-sulfinates undergo racemization and oxygen exchange reaction with trich-loroacetic anhydride. The rate of racemization of (?)menthyl (?)p-toluenesulfinate was found to be twice that of oxygen exchange, suggesting the reaction involves a Walden inversion. When reaction was carried out in benzene, the rate of racemization was found to be first order with respect to both sulfinic ester and trichloroacetic anhydride. The substituent effect is large (p = ?1.53) suggesting that the initial acylation is the rate-determining step. The rate of racemization was found to be retarded by the addition of perhaloacetic acid while very small catalytic effect of mercuric chloride was observed.     

Vibrational spectroscopic studies of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxylsilane sol-gel and its coating

Organosilane sol-gels have been prepared under different conditions from mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES). These sol-gels were applied for the thin film coating on aluminum. Vibrational spectroscopy has been employed to trace and to study the proceeding of the sol-gel formation and the curing of the coated films on Al. Based on the group frequencies as well as their spectral behavior under different conditions, vibrational assignments have been made for most of the observed bands. Surface enhanced Raman scattering has revealed the chemical adsorption of MPTMS sol-gel on silver particles. Recorded reflection and absorption infrared (RAIR) spectra of coated tiles cured at different temperatures have indicated that surface reaction may occur at high temperature. The anticorrosion characters of the coated metals have been evaluated with the measured electrochemical data. Results from cyclic voltammographs have indicated that each layer of sol-gel coating would reduce the redox current across the electrode/electrolyte solution interface. Tafel plots have shown that the anodic current of the coated electrode decreases significantly and the corrosion potentials shift to the positive side.     

Ultrasonic irradiation and its application for improving the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings on aluminum alloys

In this paper, ultrasonic irradiation was utilized for improving the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings on aluminum alloys. The chemical composition and morphology of the coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings was investigated by polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Various effects of the addition of Nd₂O₃ in phosphating bath on the performance of the coatings were also investigated. Results show that the composition of phosphate coating were Zn₃(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O(hopeite) and Zn crystals. The phosphate coatings became denser with fewer microscopic holes by utilizing ultrasonic irradiation treatment. The addition of Nd₂O₃ reduced the crystallinity of the coatings, with the additional result that the crystallites were increasingly nubby and spherical. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was also significantly improved by ultrasonic irradiation treatment; both the anodic and cathodic processes of corrosion taking place on the aluminum alloy substrate were suppressed consequently. In addition, the electrochemical impedance of the coatings was also increased by utilizing ultrasonic irradiation treatment compared with traditional treatment.     

Improvement of corrosion resistance of AA6061 alloy by tapioca starch in seawater

This study examines the use of tapioca starch for improvement of corrosion resistance of AA6061 alloy in seawater. Gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance measurements were employed to study the corrosion behavior of AA6061 alloy in seawater. The electrochemical measurements for AA6061 alloy in seawater showed that the presence of tapioca starch significantly decreases the corrosion rates, corrosion current densities (i_corr), and double layer capacitance (C_dl), simultaneously increases the values of polarization resistance (R_p). The inhibition efficiencies increase with increasing of tapioca starch concentration. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm fits well with the experimental data. The nature of adsorption of tapioca starch on the metal surface has also been examined. The analysis of SEM and EDS confirmed the formation of precipitates of tapioca starch on the metal surface, which reduced the overall corrosion reaction.