Pricing European options with a log Student’s t-distribution: A Gosset formula

The distributions of returns for stocks are not well described by a normal probability density function (pdf). Student’s t-distributions, which have fat tails, are known to fit the distributions of the returns. We present pricing of European call or put options using a log Student’s t-distribution, which we call a Gosset approach in honour of W.S. Gosset, the author behind the nom de plume Student. The approach that we present can be used to price European options using other distributions and yields the Black-Scholes formula for returns described by a normal pdf.     

Synthesis of 1-(9-butylcarbazol-3-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives

A series of condensation products of 1-(9-butylcarbazol-3-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carbohydrazide with 2-propanone, 2-butanone, 2,4-pentanedione, 2,5-hexanedione, ethyl 3-oxobutanoate, and aromatic aldehydes was obtained. Substituted oxadiazoles were synthesized from carbohydrazide or the corresponding hydrazone. Spectral properties of the synthesized compounds were examined. __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 1009–1017, July, 2008.     

Self-organization of Gold Nanoparticles Protected by 9-(5-Thiopentyl)-carbazole

Introduction During the past decade, nanometer-sized metal clusters, special the gold clusters, possessing unusual physical and chemical properties have been extensively investigated1-5. In recent years, a new effort has been focused on fabricating ordered metal nanoparticles with well-defined two or three dimensions using nanometer-sized metal clusters as building blocks6-9. This will provide a new horizon to develop novel optical and nanoelectronic devices. Ordered nanoparticle assemblie…     

Complete assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 9,10-didehydro retinoic acids

A new class of retinoic acids was synthesized containing a 9,10-rigid bond. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were assigned for eight new compounds (all-E, 13Z) containing a carboxylic acid or tertiobutylester polar end group. Assignments were based on the combination of one- and two-dimensional experiments (APT, COSY, HMBC).     

新型O~6-苄基鸟嘌呤衍生物的合成及其细胞毒性

以O~6-苄基鸟嘌呤(O~6-BG)为起始原料,经4步反应合成了一个新型的O~6-BG衍生物——4-硝基苄基-[6-(苄氧基)-9H-嘌呤-2]氨基甲酸酯(4),其结构经1H NMR和HR-ESI-MS表征。用CCK-8法研究了4对人脑神经胶质细胞(SF126,SF763和SF767)的细胞毒性。结果表明:在低氧环境下,4与ACUN的协同作用对SF126,SF763和SF767均有较好的抑制活性,其IC50分别为0.04 m M,0.1 m M和0.03 m M,优于阳性对照药O~6-BG。     

9Be and 31P NMR analyses on the influence of imino groups on Be2+ complex stabilities of a series of cyclo‐μ‐imido triphosphate anions

The complexation behaviors of Be²⁺ with cyclo‐μ‐imido triphosphate anions, cP₃O_9?n(NH)_n^3? (n = 1, 2), have been investigated by both ⁹Be and ³¹P NMR techniques at ?2.3 °C in order to clarify the coordination structures of the complexes. The spectra showed that cP₃O_9?n(NH)_n (n = 1, 2) ligands form ML, ML₂, and M₂L complexes with Be²⁺ ions, and the formation of complexes coordinating with nitrogen atoms of the cyclic framework in the ligand molecule has been excluded. These complexation trends are very similar to those of Be²⁺‐cP₃O₆(NH)₃^3? system, which has been reported by us. The peak deconvolution of ⁹Be NMR spectra made these beryllium complexes amenable to stability constant determinations. The stability constants of the complexes increase with an increase in the protonation constants of the ligands as the number of imino groups, which constitute the ligand molecules, is ascended. This increase is primarily attributable to the lower electronegativity of nitrogen atoms than oxygen atoms, which are directly bonded to central phosphorus atoms; moreover, tautomerism equilibrium in the entire of the imidopolyphosphate molecule is also responsible to the higher basicity. ³¹P NMR spectra measured concurrently have verified the formation of the complexes estimated by the ⁹Be NMR measurement. Intrinsic ³¹P NMR chemical shift values of the phosphorus atoms belonging to ligand molecules complexed with Be²⁺ cations have been determined. Not only the protonation constants but also the stability constants of all Be²⁺ complexes increase approximately linearly with an increase in the number of imino groups. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

磁悬浮飞轮锁紧装置发射段微动行为研究

采用正弦扫频振动和随机振动模拟卫星发射振动工况,对磁悬浮飞轮锁紧装置在不同锁紧力下的微动行为进行研究,并利用电涡流位移传感器测量定、转子在锁紧接触面处的微动位移,发现锁紧面处存在包含切向和径向的复合微动.实验后,采用扫描电子显微镜对3种锁紧接触副(1 Cr18Ni9Ti/GCr15,渗氮1Cr18Ni9Ti/GCr15和GCr15/GCr15)的锁紧表面进行分析.结果表明:锁紧力从200 N增至300 N时,最大微动位移从60 μm降至8μm,相应的微动位移最大振幅从25μm降至4μm,使得切向微动从滑移区变化至部分滑移区,从而降低了切向微动磨损程度.而增加接触刚度或选择相似接触体可减小微滑发生机率,避免径向微动损伤.两者共同作用,抑制了锁紧面内的复合微动损伤发生.     

Dynamics of premixed confined swirling flames

Considerable effort is currently being extended to examine the fundamental mechanisms of combustion instabilities and develop methods allowing predictions of these phenomena. One central aspect of this problem is the dynamical response of the flame to incoming perturbations. This question is examined in the present article, which specifically considers the response of premixed swirling flames to perturbations imposed on the upstream side of the flame in the feeding manifold. The flame response is characterized by measuring the unsteady heat release induced by imposed velocity perturbations. A flame describing function is defined by taking the ratio of the relative heat release rate fluctuation to the relative velocity fluctuation. This quantity is determined for a range of frequencies and for different levels of incoming velocity perturbations. The flame dynamics is also documented by calculating conditional phase averages of the light emission from the flame and taking the Abel transform of these average images to obtain the flame geometry at various instants during the cycle of oscillation. These data can be useful to the determination of possible regimes of instability. To cite this article: P. Palies et al., C. R. Mecanique 337 (2009).     

Comparison of numerical methods and combustion models for LES of a ramjet

Ramjets are very sensitive to instabilities and their numerical predictions can only be addressed adequately by Large Eddy Simulation (LES). With this technique, solvers can be implicit or explicit and handle structured, unstructured or hybrid meshes, etc. Turbulence and combustion models are other sources of differences. The impact of these options is here investigated for the ONERA ramjet burner. To do so, two LES codes developed by ONERA and CERFACS compute one stable operating condition. Preliminary LES results of the two codes underline the overall robustness of LES. Mean flow features at the various critical sections are reasonably well predicted by both codes. Disagreement mainly appear in the chamber where combustion positions differ pointing to the importance of the combustion and subgrid mixing models. The two LES produce different energy containing motions. With CEDRE, a low frequency dominates while AVBP produces different ranges of low frequencies that can be linked with acoustic modes of the configuration. To cite this article: A. Roux et al., C. R. Mecanique 337 (2009).