Interpretation of analysis of variance models using principal component analysis to assess the effect of a maternal anticancer treatment on the mineralization of rat bones

The aim of this paper is to show how it is possible to extract analytical information from images acquired with a flatbed scanner and make use of this information for real time control of a nickel plating process. Digital images of plated steel sheets in a nickel bath are used to follow the process under degradation of specific additives. Dedicated software has been developed for making the obtained results accessible to process operators. This includes obtaining the RGB image, to select the red channel data exclusively, to calculate the histogram of the red channel data and to calculate the mean colour value (MCV) and the standard deviation of the red channel data. MCV is then used by the software to determine the concentration of the additives Supreme Plus Brightner (SPB) and SA-1 (for confidentiality reasons, the chemical contents cannot be further detailed) present in the bath (these two additives degrade and their concentration changes during the process). Finally, the software informs the operator when the bath is generating unsuitable quality plating and suggests the amount of SPB and SA-1 to be added in order to recover the original plating quality.     

A review of recent, unconventional applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)

The applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) have grown exponentially beyond its uses for explosive, illicit drug and chemical warfare agent monitoring in recent years. Instrumental developments including new drift tube materials and ionization sources have enabled the manufacturing of more sophisticated and affordable IMS equipment for the advantageous analysis of samples with no pretreatment. The most recent applications of IMS include quality control and cleaning validation procedures in the pharmaceutical industry; determinations of contaminants in food samples; clinical analyses of biological fluids; environmental analyses of contaminants in gaseous, liquid and solid samples; and (bio)process quality control monitoring. Coupling IMS with MSⁿ has enabled the analysis of very complex samples and the extraction of knowledge unavailable from isolated MS measurements, especially in the polymer and petroleomic industries.     

无氰镀金工艺的实践

本文介绍了一种新的不含游离氰的无氰镀金工艺,以及相关的无氰化学镀金工艺特点,包括镀层结构致密,结晶均匀、槽液稳定,杂质容忍度高,过程更环保。与无氰沉金工艺相似,该工艺的生产技术成熟、管理措施齐全、金盐供应充足、对不同客户的适应性强,有望成为替代传统有氰工艺的技术。     

SMT工艺技术要点和缺陷的处理

随着线路板组装向高密度、高精度、小体积、轻重量方向发展,电子装联技术已成为印制线路板生产首选的表面装贴技术。文章主要探讨电子装联各工艺技术要点和一些故障的处理。     

卷到卷丝网印刷RFID天线的工艺优化研究

采用卷到卷全自动丝网印刷机,在纸基材上印刷导电银浆制作RFID(电子标签)天线。通过正交优化实验研究了刮板与网版的承印角度、刮板压力、刮板移动速度和固化温度等四个可控因素对天线印刷工艺稳定性的影响。利用金相显微镜观察了导电银浆线路的表面效果与切片效果。优化结果得到最佳工艺参数,制作出满足电阻要求的RFID天线。     

Fries rearrangement: scalable synthesis of key fluoro building blocks 3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzoyl chloride and 1,2-diethoxy-3-fluorobenzene

Lewis acid catalyzed Fries rearrangement of 2-fluorophenyl acetate (3) was performed on kg scale. The ortho5 and para4 isomers obtained were separated in an industrially feasible way. Compound 4 was then converted into fluorinated building block 3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzoyl chloride (1) while compound 5 was converted into 1,2-diethoxy-3-fluorobenzene (2) in high yields.     

基于层次分析和二元语义的飞机结构安全评价研究

针对当前飞机结构的设计要求,建立了飞机结构安全的评价模型指标集,利用AHP方法提炼出4大类,14项具体指标,并确定指标权重,采用二元语义及其算子将评价语言值进行集结,对飞机结构安全进行评价.给出了评价步骤,并用实例说明该方法具有一定的可操作性,且合理可信.     

Dynamic modelling of die melt temperature profile in polymer extrusion: Effects of process settings,screw geometry and material

Extrusion is one of the major methods for processing polymeric materials and the thermal homogeneity of the process output is a major concern for manufacture of high quality extruded products. Therefore, accurate process thermal monitoring and control are important for product quality control. However, most industrial extruders use single point thermocouples for the temperature monitoring/control although their measurements are highly affected by the barrel metal wall temperature. Currently, no industrially established thermal profile measurement technique is available. Furthermore, it has been shown that the melt temperature changes considerably with the die radial position and hence point/bulk measurements are not sufficient for monitoring and control of the temperature across the melt flow. The majority of process thermal control methods are based on linear models which are not capable of dealing with process nonlinearities. In this work, the die melt temperature profile of a single screw extruder was monitored by a thermocouple mesh technique. The data obtained was used to develop a novel approach of modelling the extruder die melt temperature profile under dynamic conditions (i.e. for predicting the die melt temperature profile in real-time). These newly proposed models were in good agreement with the measured unseen data. They were then used to explore the effects of process settings, material and screw geometry on the die melt temperature profile. The results showed that the process thermal homogeneity was affected in a complex manner by changing the process settings, screw geometry and material.     

Degradation of imidacloprid using combined advanced oxidation processes based on hydrodynamic cavitation

The harmful effects of wastewaters containing pesticides or insecticides on human and aquatic life impart the need of effectively treating the wastewater streams containing these contaminants. In the present work, hydrodynamic cavitation reactors have been applied for the degradation of imidacloprid with process intensification studies based on different additives and combination with other similar processes. Effect of different operating parameters viz. concentration (20–60 ppm), pressure (1–8 bar), temperature (34 °C, 39 °C and 42 °C) and initial pH (2.5–8.3) has been investigated initially using orifice plate as cavitating device. It has been observed that 23.85% degradation of imidacloprid is obtained at optimized set of operating parameters. The efficacy of different process intensifying approaches based on the use of hydrogen peroxide (20–80 ppm), Fenton’s reagent (H₂O₂:FeSO₄ ratio as 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 2:2, 4:1 and 4:2), advanced Fenton process (H₂O₂:Iron Powder ratio as 1:1, 2:1 and 4:1) and combination of Na₂S₂O₈ and FeSO₄ (FeSO₄:Na₂S₂O₈ ratio as 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4) on the extent of degradation has been investigated. It was observed that near complete degradation of imidacloprid was achieved in all the cases at optimized values of process intensifying parameters. The time required for complete degradation of imidacloprid for approach based on hydrogen peroxide was 120 min where as for the Fenton and advance Fenton process, the required time was only 60 min. To check the effectiveness of hydrodynamic cavitation with different cavitating devices, few experiments were also performed with the help of slit venturi as a cavitating device at already optimized values of parameters. The present work has conclusively established that combined processes based on hydrodynamic cavitation can be effectively used for complete degradation of imidacloprid.     

Intensification of alkaline delignification of sugarcane bagasse using ultrasound assisted approach

Ultrasound-assisted approach has been investigated for delignification so as to develop green and sustainable technology. Combination of NaOH with ultrasound has been applied with detailed study into effect of various parameters such as time (operating range of 15–90 min), alkali concentration (0.25 M−2.5 M), solvent loading (1:15–1:30 w/v), temperature (50–90 ˚C), power (40–140 W) and duty cycle (40–70 %) at fixed frequency of 20 kHz. The optimized operating conditions established for the ultrasonic horn were 1 M as the NaOH concentration, 1 h as treatment time, 70˚C as the operating temperature, 1:20 as the biomass loading ratio, 100 W as the ultrasonic power and 70% duty cycle yielding 67.30% as the delignification extent. Comparative study performed using conventional and ultrasonic bath assisted alkaline treatment revealed lower delignification as 48.09% and 61.55% respectively. The biomass samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR and BET techniques to establish the role of ultrasound during the treatment. The morphological changes based on the ultrasound treatment demonstrated by SEM were favorable for enhanced delignification and also the crystallinity index was more in the case of ultrasound treated material than that obtained by conventional method. Specific surface area and pore size determinations based on BET analysis also confirmed beneficial role of ultrasound. The overall results clearly demonstrated the intensification obtained due to the use of ultrasonic reactors.