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In the teaching of analytical chemistry for chemical engineering students it is essential today to teach the chemical analysis of dynamic systems, not only in the process control of the modern technological systems, where the control of composition or structure of different material streams is necessary, but also in all other instances where analysis, decision and intervention follow each other, forming a closed cycle. Teaching can be made effective if students already have a knowledge of the basic disciplines (including analytical chemistry). The schedule of the teaching programme should include the mathematical statistical treatment of process signals, quality of the signals, signal-improvement methods, characteristics of instruments, calibration and an introduction to sensors, analysers suitable for continuous or periodical measurements and local area networks. As practical exercizes an apparatus for investigation of the dynamic properties of a thermoanalytical detector system, a computer program for simulating process variables and the control loop including the measuring system are presented. 相似文献
53.
Molten polymer process streams are difficult to analyze either in- or on-line because of sampling problems due to the high temperature and viscosity of the molten state. Real-time monitoring of chemical compositions in these processes can significantly improve safety and product quality and minimize process costs and waste. The information content of the mid-infrared spectrum combined with the recent development of rugged process Fourier transform (FT) IR spectrometers is stimulating the application of process FT-IR to industrial polymer melt processes. Sampling considerations for polymer melts are reviewed. Also, the use of FT-IR spectrometry for on-line measurements of the polymer composition for polymer blends and copolymers in the melt, and the question of how this information could be used to monitor and control the quality of the product given by the process are discussed. 相似文献
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J.H. Marsman C.J. van Ede B.B. Breman E.J. Stamhuis A.A.C.M. Beenackers 《Analytica chimica acta》1990
Three applications of the deferred standard (DS) technique in on-line gas chromatographic analysis with a rotary injection valve are reported. It is demonstrated how both absolute and relative measurements are affected by several deviations of the experimental conditions, such as atmospheric pressure, sample injection during either flow or stopped-flow conditions and instrumental settings (carrier gas flow-rate, column oven temperature, detector bridge current) of the analytical system. It is shown that the relative DS concept provides an excellent means of improving the reliability of the analytical equipment. Under standard conditions, accurate results were obtained with a relative standard deviation < 1%. Significant deviations in the instrumental settings affected the accuracy of the final analytical results by less than 4%. It is further shown how the DS technique can be applied to obtain early information on maintenance requirements of the system. A diagnostic table is included that relates observed changes with time of the signals, obtained with a thermal conductivity detector, to possible maintenance requirements. 相似文献
55.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, which are usually produced by injection stretch blow moulding (ISBM) are widely used for carbonated soft drinks (CSD) storage and transportation. Stretch rod movement, blow pressure, preform temperature profile, mould surface temperature and material properties are among the most important factors affecting the final product's quality in terms of the thickness distribution, burst pressure and top-load resistance of the bottles. However, the residence time of the blown bottle inside the mould is also an important factor affecting its final properties. Especially in PET bottle production for hot fillings, the residence time is a very important factor because the longer the residence time the better the crystalline structure of the PET. In this production, the lid section is desired to have a fully crystalline form so that it can withstand hot fluids. In this study, the aim was to optimise the mould surface temperature and the blown bottle's residence time inside the mould for 1 L soft drink PET bottle production based on the final properties using the ECHIP 7 design of experiment (DOE) program. The method employed through this program was a quadratic one. Optimum process parameters were determined by the response surface method (RSM) and the process settings ensuring maximum top-load, burst pressure, Tg and degree of crystallinity were regarded to be optimum. It was found that the optimum mould surface temperature and blown bottle residence time inside the mould were 10 °C and 20 s, respectively. 相似文献
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Hui Xu Dr. Shengbo Zhang Xinyuan Zhang Min Xu Dr. Miaomiao Han Prof. Li Rong Zheng Prof. Yunxia Zhang Prof. Guozhong Wang Prof. Haimin Zhang Prof. Huijun Zhao 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(52):e202314414
The integration of highly active single atoms (SAs) and atom clusters (ACs) into an electrocatalyst is critically important for high-efficiency two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Here we report a tandem impregnation-pyrolysis-etching strategy to fabricate the oxygen-coordinated Fe SAs and ACs anchored on bacterial cellulose-derived carbon (BCC) (FeSAs/ACs-BCC). As the electrocatalyst, FeSAs/ACs-BCC exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity and selectivity toward 2e− ORR, affording an onset potential of 0.78 V (vs. RHE) and a high H2O2 selectivity of 96.5 % in 0.1 M KOH. In a flow cell reactor, the FeSAs/ACs-BCC also achieves high-efficiency H2O2 production with a yield rate of 12.51±0.18 mol gcat−1 h−1 and a faradaic efficiency of 89.4 %±1.3 % at 150 mA cm−2. Additionally, the feasibility of coupling the produced H2O2 and electro-Fenton process for the valorization of ethylene glycol was explored in detail. The theoretical calculations uncover that the oxygen-coordinated Fe SAs effectively regulate the electronic structure of Fe ACs which are the 2e− ORR active sites, resulting in the optimal binding strength of *OOH intermediate for high-efficiency H2O2 production. 相似文献
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DiaaEldin Khalil Muhammad Khellah Yehea Ismail Vivek De 《Microelectronics Journal》2009,40(11):1523-1530
In this paper, an accurate approach for estimating the dynamic stability of static random access memory (SRAM) is proposed. The conventional methods of SRAM stability estimation suffer from two major drawbacks: (1) using static failure criteria, such as SNM, which does not capture the transient and dynamic behavior of SRAM operation, and (2) using quasi-Monte-Carlo simulation, which approximates the failure distribution, resulting in large errors at the tails where the desired failure probabilities exist. These drawbacks are eliminated by employing accurate simulation-based dynamic failure criteria along with a new distribution-independent, Most-probable-failure-point search technique for accurate probability calculation. Compared to previously published techniques, the proposed dynamic stability technique offers orders of magnitude improvement in accuracy. Furthermore, the proposed dynamic stability technique enables the correct evaluation of stability in real operation conditions and for different dynamic circuit techniques, such as dynamic write back, where the conventional methods are not applicable. 相似文献