Ammonia gas sensor based on SnO2 nanostructure with the enhanced sensing capability at low temperatures

ABSTRACT

We investigated the gas-sensing performance of tin oxide nanowires for ammonia gas at low temperature (～ 50°C). Tin oxide nanostructures were deposited at 1000°C and 1100°C on gold-coated silicon substrates using the physical vapor deposition method. Gas-sensing measurements were made for ammonia gas at various strengths (i.e. 50, 100 and 200?ppm) and the sensing performance was compared at low temperature for both the samples e.g. nanostructures deposited at 1000°C and 1100°C. Due to the highly oriented structure, the sample deposited at 1000°C shows high sensing capability at low temperature as compared to the regular tetragonal phase observed at 1100°C. The morphological and structural properties of nanowires were systematically examined using the scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.     

High Photosensitivity in SnO 2 :SiO 2 Optical Fibers

Enhanced photosensitivity has been achieved in tin-doped silica optical fibers. Refractive index modulations (~3 . 10 -4 ) have been achieved by use of 248 nm UV radiation. Studies performed on preform slides proved that the refractive index change can be ascribed to structural rearrangements induced by photochemical reactions. The modified structure has shown extreme stability, and gratings written in this fiber start to be erased above 600C. Exposure of the fiber to 255 nm laser radiation showed that, at high fluence, the refractive index modulation saturates and does not exhibit any sign of decrease.     

Parameter Invariance in Field Theory and the Hamiltonian Formalism

The deparametrization problem for parameter‐invariant Lagrangian densities defined over J¹(N, F), is solved in terms of a projection onto a suitable jet bundle. The Hamilton‐Cartan formalism for such Lagrangians is then introduced and the pre‐symplectic structure of such variational problems is proved to be projectable through the aforementioned projection. Specific examples with physical meaning are also analyzed. 1998 PACS codes. 02.20.Tw Infinite‐dimensional Lie groups, 02.30.Wd Calculus of variations and optimal control, 02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries, 02.40.Ma Global differential geometry, 02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds, 04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles, 11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach, 11.10.Kk Field theories in dimensions other than four, 11.25.Sq Nonperturbative techniques; string field theory. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 58E30 Variational principles; Secondary: 53B20 Local Riemannian geometry, 58A20 Jets, 58E12 Applications to minimal surfaces (problems in two independent variables), 58G35 Invariance and symmetry properties, 81S10 Geometric quantization, symplectic methods, 83E30 String and superstring theories.     

Study of electrodeposited zinc selenide (ZnSe) nanostructure thin films for solar cell applications

Electrodeposition approach was used to grow the ZnSe nanostructure on indium doped tin oxide (ITO) layered glass substrate. Due to low cost and high degree of absorption, binary semiconductors made from chalcogens such as CdSe, ZnO, ZnS and ZnSe provide significant features in photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical cells. The structural and morphological properties of deposited nanostructures were examined by XRD and SEM. X-ray diffraction analysis informed about cubic structure with a preferred orientation and the calculated crystal size was approximately 75 nm. The optical properties were examined by UV–visible absorbance spectra and optical band gap was measured using Tauc plot. The deposited ZnSe nanostructure has direct band gap ∼2.52 eV at room temperature which was less than 2.82 eV which is the band gap of bulk ZnSe. Investigations also focused on additional qualities like excellent optical transmission, low electrical resistance, and good photosensitivity. Because of the presence of defect states in the deposited nanostructure, the band gap energy is smaller than that of bulk material. The current-voltage characteristics were measured in dark mode and under illumination of normal tungsten filament light and LED. There was notable change in the current for both normal light and LED in comparison to dark mode. The findings of all the characterization methodologies suggested that for the production of solar cells low cost ZnSe may be used as an alternative environment friendly Cd-free window layer.