Direct positioning of stationary targets using MIMO radar

MIMO radar is a new concept that has recently been proposed as an extension to the multi-static radar systems. We apply the direct position determination (DPD) approach to MIMO radar and obtain maximum likelihood algorithms for a location estimation of a stationary target. It is shown that under low signal to noise ratio DPD improves the estimation accuracy with respect to the traditional location methods.     

A new method to characterize bifacial solar cells

We present a new method to characterize bifacial solar cells under standard test conditions (STC). The method considers the bifacial operation of the cell and provides the characteristics for simultaneous front and rear side illumination rather than providing the front and the rear side characteristics separately. The method involves measurements of front side electrical parameters (efficiency, open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current and fill factor) and rear side short‐circuit current under STC. Two new parameters are introduced, namely bifacial 1.x efficiency (effective efficiency) and gain‐efficiency product, which are calculated from the measured STC parameters. The former provides information related to the cell design considering the bifacial operation, whereas the latter provides the end‐use benefits from the modules with bifacial cells for a particular installation. To calculate the bifacial 1.x efficiency and the gain‐efficiency product, a one‐diode solar cell equivalent circuit is used. Characteristic plots are shown for the newly introduced parameters as a function of rear‐side illumination for various example solar cells. A sensitivity analysis is performed to understand the influence of each single‐sided STC solar cell parameter on the newly introduced parameters. This sensitivity analysis shows that the fill factor and the rear‐to‐front current ratio are the most critical parameters for bifacial solar cells. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of influential factors on the purification of zone‐refined germanium ingot

Zone refining is one of the most important procedures to purify germanium crystals for the fabrication of detectors in our laboratory. In order to properly zone refine high‐purity germanium crystals, it is important to develop perfect cleaning procedures for raw materials, quartz tubes, and the containers holding raw materials. Additionally, vacuum levels, container types, the correct combination of ambient gases, the speed of zone travel, and the ratio of ingot length to molten zone length, all need to be carefully studied in order to obtain the best results possible. In this work, we investigate a number of influential factors in perfecting high‐purity germanium crystal growth, specifically: cleaning procedures, boat composition, vacuum levels in the chamber, zone travel speed, and the ratio of ingot length to molten zone length. Using the van der Pauw Hall technique, we were able to measure the electrical properties of zone‐refined ingots and analyze the origin and distribution of three main impurity elements (boron, aluminum and phosphorus) thereby allowing us to study potential contamination sources. After detailed analysis on the various influential factors, we were able to optimize the zone‐refining procedures.     

Demonstration of two-point velocity measurement using diffraction grating elements for integrated multi-point differential laser Doppler velocimeter

We have proposed a configuration of an integrated multi-point differential laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) using arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) as grating elements. This paper demonstrates two-point velocity measurement using the proposed configuration with diffraction grating elements. An experiment was conducted using a free-space optical setup with bulk diffraction gratings instead of AWGs. The experimental results indicate that velocities at different positions can be measured using the proposed configuration. The measured separation of the two measurement positions was about 20.5 mm, about 11% of the working distance.     

血红蛋白对胆红素光学检测的影响分析

针对实验得到的光谱数据,应用偏最小二乘回归方法进行多变量建模,结果发现:血红蛋白的加入使建立模型的主成分数从一个变为三个,而对模型贡献最大的波长从459 nm变为432 nm和433 nm,说明偏最小二乘模型的原始光谱数据变量引进了血红蛋白的吸收噪音.结合偏最小二乘建模的原理与评价指标分析表明:较纯胆红素溶液而言,混合溶液模型预测均方根误差增大了24.90%,相关系数减小了0.29%,加入血红蛋白后的模型对胆红素浓度预测能力降低.进一步分析血红蛋白和胆红素及其混合溶液吸收光谱发现:在检测的紫外可见光波段两者吸收光谱发生重叠,两者混合溶液在408 nm处产生一个新的吸收峰,且相比同浓度血红蛋白吸收峰而言408 nm处吸收峰发生了减色效应,这是由于血红蛋白与胆红素混合会发生某些弱的键位结合引起的,新的吸收峰改变了建模所用的主成分数,降低了模型的预测能力.结果说明在胆红素经皮测量中必须采取措施减少血红蛋白的影响,才能提高胆红素经皮检测的准确度.     

某璎导弹用测温电路低温故障分析

针对某型导弹用测温电路低温测试温度跳变故障,从原理上分析了故障产生的原因,采用试验及理论分析相结合的方法,找到了解决该故障的措施,对光电耦合器低温测试方法进行了改进,消除了故障隐患,提高了产品质量。     

量测噪声存在时的自抗扰控制分析

主要讨论量测噪声对自抗扰控制器（ ADRC）的影响,分析了在各种噪声条件下ADRC的估计误差,并合理设计滤波器用以减少噪声对系统的影响。最后,通过仿真实例对分析结论进行了验证。     

An electrostatic model of the cutoff probe

Although a circuit model of the previously developed cutoff probe for plasma diagnostics elucidates the basic physics and contributes to the development of the cutoff probe, a theoretical validation of the circuit model has yet to be accomplished. For theoretical validation, this paper proposes a one-dimensional electrostatic model, or 1dESM, of the cutoff probe, which is based on electrostatic field analysis in a finite two-wire approximation. The transmission spectrum S₂₁ calculated by the 1dESM shows a good agreement with that from a three-dimensional full electromagnetic wave simulation for various electron densities and pressures. Based on the 1dESM, the formation mechanism of the S₂₁ of the cutoff probe was analyzed. Theoretical validation of the circuit model was then achieved by comparing the circuit model with the 1dESM. This paper is believed to contribute to a better understanding of the cutoff probe and to the development of cutoff probe models.     

The resource allocation problem for demand forecasting and performance measurement

We consider a retailer investing in two monitoring functions for unobservable demand and salesperson’s effort. We show that improving effort monitoring is more effective. Moreover, demand monitoring may be less preferable when it becomes relatively cheaper and balancing these two may be worse when they become more complementary.