Toward multiple maximum power point estimation of photovoltaic systems based on semiconductor theory

Environmental conditions, such as temperature, non‐uniform irradiation, and solar shading, deeply affect the characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules in PV‐assisted generation systems. Several local maximum power points (MPPs) are found in the power–voltage curve of PV systems constructed by series/parallel‐connected PV modules under partially shaded conditions. The characteristics of PV systems change unpredictably when multiple MPPs occur, so the actual MPP tracking (MPPT) becomes a difficult task. Conventional MPPT methods for the PV systems under partially shaded conditions cannot quickly find the actual MPP such that the optimal utilization of PV systems cannot be achieved. Based on the p–n junction semiconductor theory, we develop a multipoint direct‐estimation (MPDE) method to directly estimate the multiple MPPs of the PV systems under partially shaded conditions and to cope with the mentioned difficulties. Using the proposed MPDE method, the multiple MPPs of the PV systems under partially shaded conditions can be directly determined from their irradiated current–voltage and power–voltage characteristic curves. The performances of the proposed MPDE method are evaluated by examining the characteristics of multiple MPPs of PV systems with respect to different shading strengths and numbers of the shaded PV modules and also tested using the field data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MPDE method can simply and accurately estimate the multiple MPPs of the PV systems under partially shaded conditions. The optimization of MPP control models and the MPPT for PV systems could be achieved promisingly by applying the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中小型逆变器的电磁兼容设计

通过分析中小型逆变器电磁干扰形成的主要原因,从控制电路设计、主电路设计、软件设计三方面介绍提高逆变器电磁兼容能力的措施,重点对软开关技术,随机调制技术进行了分析。     

英威腾变频器在钢铁铸造项目回转窑上的应用

本文主要介绍英威腾IPE200变频器在新建钢铁铸造项目回转窑上的应用,并介绍IPE200变频器特点和性能。在生产、设备运行、维护等方面都达到了满意效果。     

变频器在变压器绕线机系统中的应用

本文介绍了如何使用普传PI7100变频器的主板端子功能、制动功能及保护功能实现变压器绕线机系统的自动调速控制的工艺要求。着重介绍控制系统如何设计及其工作过程，变频器常见故障及排除措施。     

高压大功率变频器主电路拓扑和控制策略

本文对高压在功率变频器的拓朴结构和控制策略进行了分析的介绍，并给出了一些仿真和实验波形。     

高压变频器的产品和市场状况

高压变频器（在国外称中压变频器）自上个世纪90年代中期开始在国内推广，经过10年的发展，今天已经普遍为市场所接受，估计今年的市场容量在10亿到20亿元人民币之间。本文将从产品技术和市场两方面分析一下高压变频器的特点。     

高压变频器在胜利油田供水公司耿井水厂给水泵中的应用

本文着重介绍了国产多电平高压变频器在胜利油田供水公司耿井水厂的应用情况，应用结果表明，采用国产高压变频器对水厂的供水泵设备进行调速节能改造，具有较高的技术进步和经济效益。     

高压变频器在湛江电厂4#凝结水泵上的应用

本文重点介绍了高压大功率二极管中性点箝位三电平技术变频器的工作原理和主要技术特点，结合湛江电厂现场的运行工况进行节能分析，具体分析安装变频器后给电厂带来的好处和直接经济效益。     

通过GPRS实现高压变频系统的远程监控

介绍了通过GPRS实现远程高压变频器与本地数据服务器实时连接监控的方案。现场数据通过GPRS传输到本地服务器上显示、处理、存储，也可以进行远程故障诊断，在必要时本地操作员也可以对远程变频器进行控制。     

High Performance CMOS Analog Arithmetic Circuits

Unique designs for CMOS analog arithmetic circuits are presented which perform addition (V₁ + V₂), subtraction (V₂ – V₁), add/invert –(V₁ + V₂), and multiply (V₁ × V₂). The circuit operation is based on the inherent square law of MOS transistor drain current when operating in the saturation region. Key features include: good linearity and accuracy, single ended voltage inputs and output, wide input and output range and no input bias voltages. The circuits can be directly coupled (no buffer) and serve as basic building blocks for analog signal processing implementations such as analog filters and adaptive equalizers. All circuits were implemented in 1.2 m CMOS technology.