Effects of ultrasonic treatment on color,carotenoid content,enzyme activity,rheological properties,and microstructure of pumpkin juice during storage

Freshly squeezed pumpkin juice (Cucurbita moschata D.) was sonicated at various power levels at a constant frequency of 25 kHz and a treatment time of 10 min. Samples were stored in the dark for 0, 4, 8, and 12 days at 4 °C and were subsequently analyzed. The combined effects of power level and storage period on color parameters, carotenoid content, particle size distribution, cloud value, rheological characteristics, and microstructure were investigated. The results showed ultrasonic-treated samples had little effect on carotenoid content, cloud value, particle size distribution, and polydispersity during storage compared to those of the untreated samples. The L^⁎, a^⁎, b^⁎, and C* values decreased significantly during 8–12 days of storage, resulting in a significant increase in ΔE, especially 400 W/10 min-treated samples. Meanwhile, the enzyme activity and rheological properties increased significantly on storage days 8–12. However, the microstructure of all samples did not change significantly during storage. Based on these results, during the storage period, the physical and chemical properties of 400 W/10 min-ultrasonic treated pumpkin juice were retained more than those in the untreated pumpkin juice. Therefore, ultrasonic treatment has broad application prospects in preserving bioactive substances and physicochemical properties and improving the storage life of fresh pumpkin juice.     

长编组高速列车的列车风动模型实验研究

列车风是高速列车运行时诱导产生的气流流动, 是列车空气动力学重要的研究内容和保证列车运行安全的重要方面. 本文利用缩尺比例为1\bh8的八编组高速列车模型进行了列车风的动模型实验,测试了明线运行状态下列车周围的流动参数,突破了短编组列车风动模型测试所带来的局限性.列车风系综平均曲线和标准差曲线说明: 列车头部会引起稳定的列车风,在车身和车尾处的列车风具有非常明显的非定常特征.列车风所反映的车身周围的气流扰动在第二节车厢开始显现, 列车风速振荡上升,在第七节车厢达到局部最大值.转向架舱和车厢间风挡间隙的气流干扰并没有在列车风曲线上表现出来.利用本征正交分解法分析列车风尾迹区的实验结果,发现列车风的扰动能量集中于近尾迹区, 次之是车身发展区.以各次实验结果中列车风的峰值位置距离车尾远近为条件,对列车风实验结果进行条件平均分析,表明列车尾涡生成时与列车风探针间的相对位置关系会影响列车风尾迹区的峰值形态.      

槽道流POD重构及湍流动能耗散率分析

采用二维粒子图像测速仪（2DPIV）对槽道内涡波流场进行实验研究,用POD技术对2DPIV瞬态速度矢量场进行主导模态重构,得到槽道内的平均流速和湍流动能分布;采用大涡PIV方法对湍流动能耗散率分布进行计算.结果表明：重构流场表征了原始流场的主导结构,剔除了噪声等干扰信息;大涡PIV方法能有效地估算动能耗散率的分布;湍流动能在壁面附近较小,在接近槽道中心区域湍流动能越来越大,呈现出射流的特征;动能耗散率的峰值出现在壁面附近和槽道中心区域,动能耗散率随着远离壁面程度的增加先降低后逐渐增加直至达到峰值.     

Experimental and numerical study on flow characteristics and heat transfer of an oscillating jet in a channel

A fluidic oscillator can produce self-induced and self-sustaining oscillating jet by fluid supply without moving parts. This device has attracted research interest in heat and mass transfer enhancement in recent years. In the current study, a double-feedback fluidic oscillator was numerically investigated based on three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (3D-URANS) while the operating fluid is an incompressible flow. Then, the results were validated with experimental data by two-dimensional time-resolved particle image velocimetry (2D-TR-PIV) and thermographic phosphor thermometry (TPT) for the velocity and temperature field, respectively. A grid sensitivity study was done by comparison of instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields. Additionally, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method was used to find the phase information of the oscillating jet, and fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis was used to find the frequency of the oscillating jet to validate the numerical results. The effect of the working fluid was also studied. Finally, in order to determine the effect of the Reynolds number on heat transfer enhancement, the Q-criterion was calculated to provide detailed insight into the oscillating mechanism. The results show that the non-dimensional frequency of oscillation is independent of either the working fluid or mass flow rate. Additionally, for a given fluid, increasing Re causes strong vortices and increases the frequency of oscillation. However, the convection heat transfer did not change significantly when varying the mass flow rate because the convection velocity of vortices increases as the mass flow rate is enhanced. A comparison with a free jet reveals that the oscillating jet in a channel is useful in terms of covering a larger area.     

Structure detection and analysis of non-circular impinging jets in a semi-confined array configuration

The flow structure generated by circular and oblate shaped nozzles for an impinging confined 7-by-7 jet array is investigated. Instantaneous velocity fields, obtained from Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) along the crossflow direction are analyzed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). Also, a vortex detection algorithm is used to locate and quantify the nature of the instantaneous vortices within the flow. The results show that an oblate shaped nozzle when oriented with its major axis aligned with the exhaust flow has flow characteristics resulting in increased turbulent kinetic energy. This has potential for increased surface transport.     

Efficient approximation of Sparse Jacobians for time‐implicit reduced order models

This paper introduces a sparse matrix discrete interpolation method to effectively compute matrix approximations in the reduced order modeling framework. The sparse algorithm developed herein relies on the discrete empirical interpolation method and uses only samples of the nonzero entries of the matrix series. The proposed approach can approximate very large matrices, unlike the current matrix discrete empirical interpolation method, which is limited by its large computational memory requirements. The empirical interpolation indices obtained by the sparse algorithm slightly differ from the ones computed by the matrix discrete empirical interpolation method as a consequence of the singular vectors round‐off errors introduced by the economy or full singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithms when applied to the full matrix snapshots. When appropriately padded with zeros, the economy SVD factorization of the nonzero elements of the snapshots matrix is a valid economy SVD for the full snapshots matrix. Numerical experiments are performed with the 1D Burgers and 2D shallow water equations test problems where the quadratic reduced nonlinearities are computed via tensorial calculus. The sparse matrix approximation strategy is compared against five existing methods for computing reduced Jacobians: (i) matrix discrete empirical interpolation method, (ii) discrete empirical interpolation method, (iii) tensorial calculus, (iv) full Jacobian projection onto the reduced basis subspace, and (v) directional derivatives of the model along the reduced basis functions. The sparse matrix method outperforms all other algorithms. The use of traditional matrix discrete empirical interpolation method is not possible for very large dimensions because of its excessive memory requirements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风力机翼型在失速工况下非定常流场的本征正交分解分析

风力机气动性能受静态失速与动态失速影响很大,对风力机翼型的失速问题研究具有重要意义.本文通过计算流体力学方法得到的风力机翼型在固定大攻角工况,以及大攻角震荡工况下的非定常流场,来研究翼型静态失速与动态失速.采用本征正交分解方法(POD),对非定常流场降阶,得到流场的POD模态以及对应的系数.POD模态结果表明在静态失速...     

Numerical study of bubble and particle motion in a turbulent boundary layer using proper orthogonal decomposition

We have studied the motion of bubbles and particles in the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer, to investigate the influence of the unsteady turbulent structure. The velocity field was computed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), and the trajectories of bubbles and particle have been computed by integrating their equation of motion. We have used this to investigate the roles, and the relative importance, of the different forces acting on bubbles and particles, We find that the unsteady turbulent structure plays an important role in the preferential accumulation of bubbles and particles. The accumulation of bubbles depends on a rather complicated interaction between the pressure gradient and the lift force; neither is sufficient, acting on its own, to explain the strong accumulation observed when they act together.     

PIV MEASUREMENT OF CLOSE IMPINGING JET ON FLAT PLATE 1)

运用时间分辨粒子成像测速系统(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TR-PIV)对近距离下射流冲击平板时的流场进行了直接测量, 通过对两个正交的平面流场开展测量, 揭示了冲击距离和雷诺数对射流间隙内三维流动特征及涡系结构演化规律的影响. 结果表明: 射流间隙存在三种典型的涡系结构, 分别为双涡环模式、单涡环模式和卷吸模式, 但在大流量湍流状态下, 射流可能会冲破涡环, 形成随机的高速出流, 各流动模式的出现主要与射流流态及壁面约束作用有关. 运用涡量分析对三种典型涡系结构的能量传递和损失特性进行了比较. 结果表明: 近距离冲击时, 射流的能量通过涡环模式向外传递. 在双涡环模式下, 两个涡环的旋向相反, 端面的约束作用使得两个涡环都被严格约束在射流棒端面之内, 且一次涡环强度显著大于二次涡环强度. 最后, 运用本征正交分解方法对射流间隙内的流动模态及其能量分布进行了分析. 单涡和双涡模式前十阶模态分析结果表明: 能量脉动在较低阶时即以配对的模式出现, 这表明一次涡环与二次涡环均具有良好的对称性, 同时在双涡模式中, 一次涡环是占主导作用的大尺度流动结构. 卷吸模式的前三阶模态分析表明: 射流的能量集中在射流上游, 能量随紊动扩散急剧衰减.