太赫兹时域光谱技术的变压器油低水含量检测

变压器的维护至关重要。变压器油中水含量的检测是变压器维护中很重要的一部分。水在太赫兹频段独特的分子键振动模式使其对太赫兹波具有强烈的吸收性。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术对变压器油进行水含量检测,获得了不同水含量变压器油的吸收系数和折射率,结合相关理论模型对获得的参数进行了分析验证。试验结果表明,变压器油的吸收系数和折射率与水含量呈线性关系。     

微电路封装产品内部水汽含量的分析与控制方法

为了使我所微电路封装产品能广泛满足航空、航天及其他特殊领域对内部水汽含量的要求(≤5000ppm),提出了降低金属或陶瓷结构封装的微电路封装产品内部水汽含量的控制方法和工艺要求。     

Preparation of safe water–lipid mixed electrolytes for application in ion capacitor

Aqueous electrolytes are safe, economic, and environmentally friendly. However, they have a narrow potential window. On the other hand, organic electrolytes exhibit good thermodynamic stability but are inflammable and moisture sensitive. In this study, we prepared water–PEG–lipid ternary electrolytes(TEs). To combine the advantages of water, polyethylene glycol(PEG) and propylene carbonate(PC). The nonflammable mixed electrolytes exhibited a wide potential window of about 2.8 V due to the beneficial effects of PEG and PC. Using these TEs, a lithium manganate–active carbon ion capacitor could be operated at 2.4 V with an energy density of 32 Wh/kg, based on the total active electrode material(current density of 3.3 m A/cm~2). This value was significantly higher than that achieved using an aqueous electrolyte, thereby rationalizing the higher energy density.     

太赫兹光谱结合特征谱区筛选算法在发动机润滑油含水量定量分析中应用研究

发动机润滑油是保障汽车发动机持久且稳定运转的基石,准确评定发动机润滑油各项性能指标是其在生产到使用全过程必不可少的步骤.发动机润滑油在一段时间的使用后会因为多种原因引起油品变质,发动机润滑油变质的指标可以用其中非磁性颗粒物浓度、金属屑含量、pH值、粘稠度、含水率等表述.关于发动机润滑油含水量的检测,传统的检测方法存在操...     

Phenyl Ethylammonium Iodide introduction into inverted triple cation perovskite solar cells for improved VOC and stability

The efficiency of more than 25% in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells has made them very attractive in the pursuit of cheaper alternatives to Si-based devices. However, the stability of the perovskite solar cells was challenging, given their high susceptibility to moisture. Very few reports have emerged in this regard that investigated the influence of introducing large cations into a triple cation perovskite (TC-PVS), with several studies limited to single and dual cation perovskites. Further, the crystallization of TC-PVS on a polymer surface such as PEDOT is not straightforward, and their inclusion in inverted solar cell devices was limited. In this work, we investigated the impact of incorporating Phenyl ethyl ammonium cation into FAMACs triple cation composition. We demonstrated improvements in the crystallinity and more uniform coverage with little to no pinholes and smooth morphology for an optimum PEA amount of 1.67% in the precursor solution. The superior morphology, along with a passivation effect from a quasi 2D phase, led to increased photoluminescence and minority carrier lifetimes. Corresponding inverted photovoltaic devices prepared with PEA showed increased open-circuit voltage from 0.89 V for a control sample to 0.95 V for 1.67% PEA and 0.98 V for 5% PEA, doped devices in an inverted configuration. The efficiency, as a result, increased from 11.27% for a control device to 14.85% for a 1.67% PEA doped device. Further, PEA doped devices showed improved operational and thermal stability attributed to the higher moisture tolerance and light-soaking ability of the PEA doped TC-PVS compared to the undoped TC-PVS.     

Structure-property relationships for novel wholly aromatic polyamide-hydrazides containing various proportions of para-phenylene and meta-phenylene units: I. Synthesis and characterization

A series of novel wholly aromatic polyamide-hydrazides was synthesized by a low temperature solution polycondensation reaction of either 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzhydrazide or 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzhydrazide with an equimolar amount of either terephthaloyl chloride (TCl), isophthaloyl chloride (ICl), or mixtures of various molar ratios of TCl and ICl in anhydrous N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as a solvent. Polymer structures were identified by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. All the polymers have the same structural formula except the way of linking phenylene units inside the polymer chain. The content of para- and meta-phenylene moieties was varied within this series so that the changes in the latter were 10 mol % from polymer to polymer, starting from an overall content of 0-100 mol %. The prepared polymers were characterized for their properties in order to acquire clear understanding of the influence exerted by controlled structural variations in these polymers upon some of important properties, such as solubility, intrinsic viscosity, moisture regain, mechanical properties and thermal as well as thermo-oxidative stability. The polymers were readily soluble in several organic polar solvents such as DMAc, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulphoxide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and hexamethyl phosphoramide and could be cast into flexible films. Their solubilities were found to increase remarkably with introduction of meta-phenylene moieties into the polymer chains. Their intrinsic viscosities ranged from 0.73 to 4.83 dl g⁻¹ in DMAc at 30 °C and increased with the increase of para-phenylene units content. Mechanical properties of the films produced from these polymers are improved markedly by substitution of para-phenylene units for meta-phenylene units. Thermogravimetric studies revealed that the completely para-oriented type of polymer has better thermal and thermo-oxidative stability relative to that of the other polymers. Moreover, the results reveal that the prepared polymers have a great affinity to water sorption. The hydrophilic character increases as a function of meta-oriented phenylene rings incorporated into the polymer chains.     

傅立叶变换近红外光谱法测定腐乳中总酸、蛋白质和水分

应用傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术,建立了腐乳中总酸、蛋白质和水分的分析模型。测定32份腐乳的近红外光谱数据,得到原始光谱信息,通过光谱预处理方法消除原始光谱噪声,最后采用偏最小二乘法建立回归方程。最终得到总酸、蛋白质和水分近红外光谱分析模型的决定系数(R2)依次为99.37%、99.70%、99.73%,交叉验证均方根差(RMSECV)依次为0.00871、0.11、0.0714。用该模型对11个未知腐乳样品进行外部验证,其总酸、蛋白质和水分外部验证的决定系数(R2)依次为98.74%、99.38%、99.48%,预测标准偏差(RMSEP)依次为0.00862、0.113、0.0683。内部交叉验证和外部验证均证明,近红外定量分析有较高的准确度,能满足腐乳生产中总酸、蛋白质和水分的检测精度要求。     

Comparison of shelf-life appraisal techniques for the estimation of the limiting date of stability for agrifood reference materials

Reference materials play a major role for the verification of the quality control of biological and chemical analysis. Due to the poor availability of certified reference materials, external reference materials (ERM) are intensively developing in complement and as a consequence of proficiency testing schemes (PTS). However, the use of any reference material must be time-limited, whereas the assigned reference value may change with time and it is under the responsibility of the material producer to indicate the date until this can be used for calibration purpose with some guarantee. This article compares different methods used to determine the limiting date of stability (LDS) in food and food-related reference materials, using some specific analytes (moisture, protein and oil contents) as stability-monitoring analytes. LDS is defined as the moment when the assigned values of one or several analytes can no longer be guaranteed by the producer. For most of the ERMs used as examples (i.e., rapeseed, bread wheat, durum wheat) the calculated periods of stability were longer than the present storage times used in BIPEA. However, for sunflower, the rapid degradation of the monitoring analytes indicates a shorter time than forecast.     

低场核磁共振法测定五种肉类中不同状态水分含量

利用低场核磁共振技术(Low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR)采集牛、猪、羊、鸡和鸭肉五种肉类中水分子的1H信号,通过T-12(弛豫时间倒数)与CuSO4溶液浓度、峰面积与CuSO4溶液质量2条标准曲线,对肉中结合水、不易流动水与自由水的含量进行定量测定,同时与烘箱干燥法测定的体相水(不易流动水和自由水之和)含量进行对比分析。结果显示,LF-NMR法测定的牛肉、猪肉、羊肉、鸡肉和鸭肉中的结合水含量分别为3.49%、3.33%、4.10%、2.17%和3.96%;不易流动水的含量分别为71.0%、72.30%、76.78%、76.61%和77.78%;自由水的含量分别为2.48%、1.90%、2.85%、2.27%和2.14%。烘箱法测定的五种肉类的体相水含量分别为73.04%、73.47%、76.83%、77.11%和77.56%,与LF-NMR法测定的结果差异不显著(p0.05)。LF-NMR可以准确测定上述五种肉类中不同状态水的含量。     

Wetting behaviour,moisture up-take and electrokinetic properties of lignocellulosic fibres

The wetting and moisture up-take behaviour, as well as the electrokinetic properties of various lignocellulosic fibres were characterised. Knowledge of surface and water uptake properties of this kind of materials will help to tailor their potential use in different end user applications. The surface tension of the fibres was determined from wetting measurements using the capillary rise technique. The wetting data were used to determine the surface tension of the fibres. Our results show that the surface tension of the lignocellulosic fibres is a linear function of their cellulose content. Zeta-potential measurements were exploited to characterise the surface chemistry of the fibres. Measuring the zeta-potential as function of time enables the rapid assessment of the water up-take, i.e. the swelling behaviour of the fibres. The results obtained by the zeta potential measurements correlate, with the exception of flax, in a linear manner with the results obtained from conventional moisture uptake measurements. Even though all lignocellulosic fibres are very hydrophilic due to the presence of polar oxygen containing groups they have different grades of hydrophilicity, which is also reflected in the different water uptake capabilities measured. The wetting, moisture uptake and electrokinetic properties of the lignocellulosic fibres are determined by the availability of the surface functional groups present, which is usually consequence of the processes used to separate, and extract the fibres from the plant (retting), as well as any further processing used to improve the fibre quality.