Speciation and detection of arsenic in aqueous samples: A review of recent progress in non-atomic spectrometric methods

Inorganic arsenic (As) displays extreme toxicity and is a class A human carcinogen. It is of interest to both analytical chemists and environmental scientists. Facile and sensitive determination of As and knowledge of the speciation of forms of As in aqueous samples are vitally important. Nearly every nation has relevant official regulations on permissible limits of drinking water As content. The size of the literature on As is therefore formidable. The heart of this review consists of two tables: one is a compilation of principal official documents and major review articles, including the toxicology and chemistry of As. This includes comprehensive official compendia on As speciation, sample treatment, recommended procedures for the determination of As in specific sample matrices with specific analytical instrument(s), procedures for multi-element (including As) speciation and analysis, and prior comprehensive reviews on arsenic analysis. The second table focuses on the recent literature (2005–2013, the coverage for 2013 is incomplete) on As measurement in aqueous matrices. Recent As speciation and analysis methods based on spectrometric and electrochemical methods, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, neutron activation analysis and biosensors are summarized. We have deliberately excluded atomic optical spectrometric techniques (atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) not because they are not important (in fact the majority of arsenic determinations are possibly carried out by one of these techniques) but because these methods are sufficiently mature and little meaningful innovation has been made beyond what is in the officially prescribed compendia (which are included) and recent reviews are available.     

A Two‐Stage Radix‐4 Viterbi Decoder for Multiband OFDM UWB Systems

This letter presents a power efficient 64‐state Viterbi decoder (VD) employing a two‐stage radix‐4 add‐compare‐select architecture. A class of VD architectures is implemented, and their hardware complexity, maximum operating speed, and power consumption are compared. Implementation results show that the proposed VD architecture is suitable for multiband orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (MB‐OFDM) ultra‐wideband (UWB) systems, which can support the data rate of 480 Mbps even when implemented using 0.18‐μm CMOS technology.     

基于无线局域网通信的列车自动控制系统

列车自动控制系统在现在城市轨道交通系统的信号系统中占有重要的地位。基于通信的移动闭塞技术,是列车自动控制系统中最先进的技术,它保证了列车的高速、安全运行。用无线局域网方式来实现移动闭塞,是一种新兴的先进技术。文中介绍了无线局域网的标准、基本结构、在轨道交通中的应用以及无线局域网方式实现移动闭塞的一些优点。     

Fast Inter Mode Decision Algorithm Based on Macroblock Tracking in H.264/AVC Video

We propose a fast macroblock (MB) mode prediction and decision algorithm based on temporal correlation for P‐slices in the H.264/AVC video standard. There are eight block types for temporal decorrelation, including SKIP mode based on rate‐distortion (RD) optimization. This scheme gives rise to exhaustive computations (search) in the coding procedure. To overcome this problem, a thresholding method for fast inter mode decision using a MB tracking scheme to find the most correlated block and RD cost of the correlated block is suggested for early stop of the inter mode determination. We propose a two‐step inter mode candidate selection method using statistical analysis. In the first step, a mode is selected based on the mode information of the co‐located MB from the previous frame. Then, an adaptive thresholding scheme is applied using the RD cost of the most correlated MB. Secondly, additional candidate modes are considered to determine the best mode of the initial candidate modes that does not satisfy the designed thresholding rule. Comparative analysis shows that a speed‐up factor of up to 70.59% is obtained when compared with the full mode search method with a negligible bit increment and a minimal loss of image quality.     

四种Keggin型多酸纳米材料的制备及其吸附有机染料的性能

以4种Keggin型多酸作为原料(分别为H₃PW₁₂O₄₀·36H₂O(简写为PW₁₂^a)、H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀·34H₂O(简写为PMo₁₂^a)、H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀·35H₂O(简写为SiW₁₂^a)和H₄GeW₁₂O₄₀·40H₂O(简写为GeW₁₂^a)),采用表面活性剂智能化控制的软化学法制备了相应的4种Keggin型多酸纳米材料,分别为Ag₃PW₁₂O₄₀·36H₂O(简写为PW₁₂^b)、Ag₃PMo₁₂O₄₀·34H₂O(简写为PMo₁₂^b)、Ag₄SiW₁₂O₄₀·35H₂O(简写为SiW₁₂^b)和Ag₄GeW₁₂O₄₀·40H₂O(简写为GeW₁₂^b)。采用IR、UV-Vis、XRD和SEM表征多酸的结构和纳米粒子的形貌。在室内黑暗条件下,100 mg样品可在5 min内把20 mg·L^-1的100 mL亚甲基蓝(MB)染料溶液脱色,使其变为接近无色,吸附效率最高可达96.3%,吸附效率大小为PMo₁₂^b > PW₁₂^b > GeW₁₂^b > SiW₁₂^b。相同条件下,100 mg样品使20 mg·L^-1的100 mL罗丹明B(RhB)染料溶液30 min内脱色完全,脱色效率最高可达96.1%,吸附效率大小为PW₁₂^b > PMo₁₂^b > SiW₁₂^b > GeW₁₂^b。说明该4种多酸纳米材料具有较高的吸附有机染料性能。     

Photocatalytic performance of yttrium-doped CNT-ZnO nanoflowers synthesized from hydrothermal method

We synthesized yttrium-doped CNT-ZnO (CNT-YZO) nanoparticles (NPs) and nanoflowers (NFs) from the hydrothermal method at 130 °C. The effect of Y³⁺-concentrations in nanostructured CNT-YZO was determined in terms of the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB). Microstructural analysis showed the hexagonal cubic structure of ZnO regardless of Y-concentration or the addition of CNTs during the nucleation and growth. The specific surface area, total pore volume, and mean pore diameter of typical CNT-YZO NFs were observed to be 36.109 m²/g, 0.162 cm³/g, and 17.932 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation performance of CNT-YZO NFs improved due to increase reactive sites of the catalyst and reduced recombination of photo-induced carriers. The surface-area normalized first-order decomposition rates (r/m²) of CNT-YZO NFs showed the highest photocatalytic degradation (99%). The CNT-YZO has produced a new kind of material for the photocatalytic degradation under the irradiation of visible light using a solar simulator.     

基于多元回归的JPEG隐密分析方案

 为解决JPEG图像隐密分析算法的设计问题,在DCT域共生矩阵的基础上构建了JPEG图像共生特征空间,并将定量隐密分析算法看成多元共生特征与含密量之间的回归模型,提出了一种JPEG图像定量隐密分析算法设计方案.此方案以已知含密量的JPEG图像为研究对象,而无需分析对应的JPEG隐密机制,因此具有较强的通用性.实验结果表明,对安全性较高的MB1隐密算法,本文方案仍可设计出高检测能力的定量隐密分析方法.     

OSD控制器 MB90076B及其在视频汉字叠加中的应用

介绍了MB90076B的性能特点及其在视频字符叠加中的应用；给出了利用AT89C52实现汉字叠加的硬件电路图及软件方法，并说明了软、硬件设计时应注意的几个问题。     

Silicon nanowires as field-effect transducers for biosensor development: A review

The unique electronic properties and miniaturized dimensions of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are attractive for label-free, real-time and sensitive detection of biomolecules. Sensors based on SiNWs operate as field effect transistors (FETs) and can be fabricated either by top–down or bottom–up approaches. Advances in fabrication methods have allowed for the control of physicochemical and electronic properties of SiNWs, providing opportunity for interfacing of SiNW-FET probes with intracellular environments. The Debye screening length is an important consideration that determines the performance and detection limits of SiNW-FET sensors, especially at physiologically relevant conditions of ionic strength (>100 mM). In this review, we discuss the construction and application of SiNW-FET sensors for detection of ions, nucleic acids and protein markers. Advantages and disadvantages of the top–down and bottom–up approaches for synthesis of SiNWs are discussed. An overview of various methods for surface functionalization of SiNWs for immobilization of selective chemistry is provided in the context of impact on the analytical performance of SiNW-FET sensors. In addition to in vitro examples, an overview of the progress of use of SiNW-FET sensors for ex vivo studies is also presented. This review concludes with a discussion of the future prospects of SiNW-FET sensors.     

催化动力学光度法测定微量硒的研究

在pH 9.56的NaBH4-NaOH缓冲溶液中,Se(Ⅳ)催化亚甲基蓝(Methylene Blue)氧化硫离子褪色,由此建立了测定硒的动力学光度法,并确定了反应的最佳条件。结果表明,测定Se(Ⅳ)的线性范围为0~0.18μg/L,检测下限为22μg/L,方法应用于魔芋飞粉中硒含量的测定,简单快速,结果令人满意。