Selective hydrogenolysis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural over Pd/C catalyst to 2,5-dimethylfuran

Several metal supported catalysts were prepared and evaluated for 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF) hydrogenolysis to 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) which is a renewable potential fuel additive. Among the prepared catalysts, 3%Pd/C showed excellent performance in terms of complete conversion of 5-HMF along with the highest selectivity of 99% to 2,5-DMF. Detailed physico-chemical characterisation was done in order to understand structure-activity correlation. Uniformly dispersed Pd nanoparticles on activated carbon provided the adsorption surface to enhance the hydrogenation of 5-HMF. Reaction was well optimised and established by extensive study of different reaction parameters like temperature, pressure, reaction time, stirring effect, substrate loading and metal loading.     

Synthesis of substituted acetylenes, aryl-alkyl ethers, 2-alkene-4-ynoates and nitriles using heterogeneous mesoporous Pd-MCM-48 as reusable catalyst

Pd-MCM-48 has been employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of substituted acetylenes via Sonogashira reactions under copper and amine-free reaction conditions. In addition, the catalyst exhibited excellent regioselectivity for primary alcohols towards C-O coupling leading to formation of alkyl-aryl ethers in high yields. A green procedure for the stereoselective synthesis of 2-alkene-4-ynoates and nitriles from the reactions of vic-(E)-diiodoalkenes with activated alkenes has also been demonstrated using Pd-MCM-48 catalyst. The catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction mixture by filtration and reused for at least six times with minimal loss of activity.     

表面有机化金属化学（Ⅰ）

阐述评述了表面有机金属化学形成和发展的前景、有机金属化合物与固体表面反应的基本规律和表面有机金属配合物的结构,对表面有机金属化学与催化化学的本质联系进行了讨论。     

Microwave assisted highly efficient one-pot multi-component synthesis of novel 2-(tetrasubstituted-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-4H-chroman-4-ones catalyzed by heterogeneous reusable silica gel supported polyphosphoric acid (PPA/SiO2)

A solvent-free, eco-friendly and facile approach for the synthesis of highly functionalized tetrasubstituted pyrroles has been reported through one-pot four-component reaction of aldehyde, amine, nitroalkane and 1,3-diketone using silica gel supported polyphosphoric acid (PPA–SiO₂) under microwave condition. The reaction occured through the in situ formation of β-keto enamine and nitrostyrene analog following Michael addition and finally intramolecular annulation affording the products in good yields. The key features of the present method include clean reaction, mild conditions, low catalyst loading, straightforward, high to excellent yields, short reaction time, avoiding use of harmful metal catalyst and organic solvent, environmentally friendly compared to the existing methods, recovery and reusability of catalyst and easy workup procedure.     

Immobilization of η-cyclopentadienyltris(dimethylamido)zirconium polymerization catalysts on a chlorosilane- and HMDS-modified mesoporous silica surface: a new concept for supporting metallocene amides towards heterogeneous single-site-catalysts

The modification of a mesoporous silica surface with Si(Ind)(CH₃)₂Cl and the immobilization of CpZr(NMe₂)₃ on this surface was studied via IR-spectroscopy. To reduce side reactions, the indenyl-modified silica was reacted with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) under IR-control before the CpZr(NMe₂)₃-immobilization. The role of the hydroxyl group protection with HMDS is discussed. The surface modifications have been repeated via Schlenk technique at the same conditions and the surface modifications were studied with ¹³C CP MAS–NMR, ¹H MAS–NMR, elemental-, SEM- and BET-analysis. The surface species of the resulting catalysts are discussed. The precatalysts have been treated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) (Al:Zr (mol:mol)=500:1) and the resulting Zr contents (leaching-effect) are discussed. All catalysts have been tested in ethylene and propylene polymerization.     

First-principles study of the adsorption of formaldehyde on the clean and atomic oxygen covered Cu(1 1 1) surface

The interaction of formaldehyde with the clean and atomic oxygen-covered Cu(1 1 1) surfaces has been studied by means of cluster model density functional calculations in which Cu₂₂(14,8) is used to represent the perfect Cu(1 1 1) surface. The calculations point towards a η¹-H₂CO---O orientation with the oxygen atom almost on top of a copper surface atom. The formaldehyde adsorption energy is of 22–25 kJ/mol and the internal geometry of adsorbed formaldehyde is almost identical to that of the molecule in the gas-phase. The C---O bond is almost parallel to the surface and the conformation with the molecular plane normal to the surface is slightly preferred to the conformation with the molecular plane nearly parallel to the surface. A Cu₂₂---O model where atomic oxygen is adsorbed on a fcc hollow site was used to study the co-adsorption and reaction of formaldehyde with atomic oxygen. Oxygen co-adsorption has a dramatic effect on the formaldehyde adsorption energy which is increased by 50%. The calculated energy barrier for the formation of the dioxymethylene intermediate species through the H₂CO+O→H₂CO₂ reaction is of 36 kJ/mol.     

XPS and TDS study of CO interaction with Pd–AlOx systems

The metal–substrate and metal–metal interactions (MSI, MMI) represent important effects determining the properties of supported catalysts, gas sensors and gettering alloys. We investigated the MSI and MMI effects by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) in the case of Pd films deposited on Al₂O₃ and Al substrates. The study shows that the particle-size dependent metal–substrate interaction plays an important role in CO–Pd chemisorption, namely, in the case of “aluminium rich” Pd–aluminium oxide interface. CO chemisorption exhibits a low-temperature desorption feature at 360 K characteristic for Pd–Al and very small Pd particles. The MSI is explained by the formation of a Pd–Al intermetallic interface exhibiting a strong bimetallic Pd–Al interaction.     

A study of the catalytic behavior of phosphotungstic acid-modified Janus particles in a heterogeneous oil/water pickering emulsion system

An emulsion interface materialization method was used to obtain amphiphilic silica Janus nanoparticles. Reducing the photosynthesis of aquatic organisms after water pollution. PW₁₂O₄₀³⁻ was introduced onto Janus particles by ion exchange, and an amphiphilic particle emulsion catalyst (PWO-J) was prepared. Hydrogen peroxide was used as the oxygen source, and the amphiphilicty of the catalyst was used to assemble the catalyst at the Pickering emulsion interface. The PWO-J catalyst was found to exhibit very high catalytic activity toward the oxidation of oleic acid in water-in-oil systems. The results showed that PWO-J catalysis of oxidation had similar results as CTAB and phosphotungstic acid (control system) under the same conditions. The azelaic acid recovery rate was 86.7%, and PWO-J could be reused 4 times. A reaction mechanism was proposed, and the constructed model was used to calculate a reaction rate constant of 15.32 × 10⁻⁵L•mol⁻¹•s⁻¹ for the PWO-J system. The PWO-J system had a lower activation energy than the control system, showing that the catalytic oxidation of oleic acid into azelaic acid was more likely to occur in the PWO-J system.     

氧化铈改性多级孔Hβ分子筛催化对二甲苯与苯乙炔烯基化反应（英文）

烯基芳香化合物是重要的精细化学品及中间体,在医药、染料、农药、香料、新型高分子材料和天然产品等化学工业领域得到广泛应用.传统工艺采用芳香化合物与烯基化合物的反应合成烯基芳香化合物.但是,传统过程存在许多不足:(1)芳环需预活化,如卤代等;(2)伴生氢卤酸等废物,污染环境;(3)原子经济性差.因此,研究烯基芳香化合物的清洁、高原子经济性合成备受关注.采用芳香化合物与炔基化合物的烯基化,可以100%原子经济性地合成烯基芳香化合物,且芳环无需预活化,不产生废弃物.因此,通过芳香化合物与炔的烯基化路线来合成烯基芳香化合物引起了人们的极大兴趣.尤其是固体酸催化烯基化,工艺成本低,清洁无污染,颇具工业前景.然而,固体酸催化烯基化不同于烷基化,烯基阳离子稳定性很差,比碳正离子易于聚合,进而导致催化剂积碳失活.微孔沸石分子筛用于烯基化存在底物适用范围窄、催化效率低、选择性差和炔聚合严重的问题.本研究组开展了硫酸化的镧锆氧化物介孔固体超强酸、担载磷钨酸介孔固体酸催化烯基化.采用前者,合成有序的介孔镧锆氧化物较为困难;而采用后者,催化剂的再生需要大量有机溶剂,会造成环境污染.硅铝分子筛固体酸易于制备,且可以通过简单的焙烧来再生.多级孔分子筛具有微孔分子筛和介孔分子筛的双重优势,用于烯基化反应可望获得良好效果.本文采用碱、酸对商业微孔β沸石分子筛进行处理,通过脱硅、脱铝过程来合成多级孔β分子筛,并进行稀土金属铈改性,从而制备了氧化铈改性的多级孔β分子筛,研究了其催化对二甲苯与苯乙炔的烯基化反应.通过改变碱浓度和酸浓度,对所制备的多级孔β分子筛的织构性质和酸性质进行调控,在优化的条件下获得了良好的烯基化催化性能,得到95.8%的苯乙炔转化率和95.1%的目标产物α-2,5-二甲苯基苯乙烯的选择性,总的烯基化产物(α-和β-烯基芳香化合物)的选择性达到98%.相对于微孔β分子筛,所制备的多级孔β分子筛展示了显著增强的催化活性和稳定性,目标产物选择性也有所提高.显著提高的催化性能归因于多级孔分子筛的传质强化和酸性位的增多.氧化铈的改性使得多级孔β分子筛的弱、中等和强酸中心的数目减少,可能源于减少了表面暴露的B酸位,从而导致了催化稳定性的显著提高.可见,本文所制备的氧化铈改性多级孔β分子筛用于烯基化反应具有一定前景.     

三维有序大孔二氧化钛表面超细钯纳米颗粒的构筑及其增强柴油炭烟催化燃烧性能（英文）

柴油机排放颗粒物(主要成分是炭烟)是城市大气PM2.5中一次颗粒物的主要来源和二次颗粒物形成的重要组分,严重危害大气环境和人类健康.利用颗粒物捕集器与催化剂相结合的连续过滤再生技术是满足柴油车国VI炭烟颗粒物排放标准的最有效技术,目前该技术所面临的挑战是研发在排气温度的柴油炭烟颗粒物催化氧化催化剂.柴油炭烟催化燃烧反应的本质是典型的气(氧气)-固(炭烟颗粒)-固(催化剂)三相深度氧化反应,因此我们研究组提出了高活性柴油炭烟燃烧催化剂设计应该遵循优化固-固接触与强化活化分子氧能力二者相结合的研究思路.为满足此设计思路的要求,本课题组前期采用孔径大于200 nm的三维有序大孔(3DOM)结构氧化物作为载体,利用大孔效应来实现PM在催化剂内部的有效扩散,从而提高催化剂与PM的接触效率.采用具有强活化分子氧能力的负载型贵金属(Au,Pt)纳米颗粒或贵金属-氧化物复合纳米颗粒作为活性位来提高催化剂对分子氧的活化能力,进而设计了多个系列高活性催化剂,并形成了担载贵金属纳米颗粒的可控制备方法与装置.然而,Au和Pt昂贵的价格限制了其广泛应用.价格相对便宜的Pd具有与Pt相似的催化性能,是其良好替代品.但是,目前关于3DOM氧化物表面负载型Pd纳米颗粒结构和尺寸与柴油炭烟催化燃烧性能之间的相关研究仍然较少.基于此,本文采用气泡辅助膜还原法制备了3DOM二氧化钛(TiO_2)担载超细Pd纳米颗粒催化剂.利用XRD,Raman,BET,SEM,TEM,ICP,XPS和H2-TPR等技术手段对催化剂进行表征,并以模拟柴油炭烟为研究对象,利用程序升温氧化反应(TPO)对催化剂的活性进行评价,深入探讨了催化剂的制备、结构及物化性质与炭烟催化燃烧反应性能之间的关系.XRD和Raman结果表明,TiO_2载体由锐钛矿(主)和金红石(次)两种物相组成.SEM照片显示,所制催化剂为规整的有序大孔结构,球形孔互相贯通,孔径均一,大孔腔平均尺寸为280 nm,孔窗尺寸为109 nm,这种三维有序大孔TiO_2的结构能够增强炭烟颗粒与催化剂之间的接触效率.TEM表征显示,平均粒径为1.1 nm的超细半球型Pd纳米颗粒高度分散于TiO_2载体的内壁上,两者间的优化界面面积有利于增加活化O2的活性位密度,这些活性位源于Pd与TiO_2间强相互作用.H2-TPR和XPS表征印证了上述观点,具有1.1 nm超细Pd颗粒的Pd/3DOM-TiO_2催化剂表现出强的低温氧化还原特性和丰富的表面吸附氧物种.在TPO测试中,相对于担载5.0 nm Pd颗粒的催化剂,具有1.1 nm尺寸超细Pd颗粒的Pd/3DOM-TiO_2催化剂展示了高的催化炭烟燃烧活性,T10,T50和T90分别为295,370和415 oC,且在5次TPO测试过程中表现出良好的催化和结构稳定性.这种具有3DOM结构和超细Pd纳米颗粒的纳米催化剂能够有效降低Pd的使用量,在催化炭烟燃烧的实际应用中大有潜力.