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41.
We use large-scale Monte Carlo simulations to test scaling theories for the electrostatic persistence length l e of isolated, uniformly charged polymers with Debye-Hückel intrachain interactions in the limit where the screening length κ-1 exceeds the intrinsic persistence length of the chains. Our simulations cover a significantly larger part of the parameter space than previous studies. We observe no significant deviations from the prediction l e∝κ-2 by Khokhlov and Khachaturian which is based on applying the Odijk-Skolnick-Fixman theories of electrostatic bending rigidity and electrostatically excluded volume to the stretched de Gennes-Pincus-Velasco-Brochard polyelectrolyte blob chain. A linear or sublinear dependence of the persistence length on the screening length can be ruled out. We show that previous results pointing into this direction are due to a combination of excluded-volume and finite chain length effects. The paper emphasizes the role of scaling arguments in the development of useful representations for experimental and simulation data. Received 12 February 2002  相似文献   
42.
A fuzzy dynamical system on an underlying complete, locally compact metric state space X is defined axiomatically in terms of a fuzzy attainability set mapping on X. This definition includes as special cases crisp single and multivalued dynamical systems on X. It is shown that the support of such a fuzzy dynamical system on X is a crisp multivalued dynamical system on X, and that such a fuzzy dynamical system can be considered as a crisp dynamical system on a state space of nonempty compact fuzzy subsets of X. In addition fuzzy trajectories are defined, their existence established and various properties investigated.  相似文献   
43.
This paper is concerned with large-O error estimates concerning convergence in distribution as well as norm convergence for Banach space-valued martingale difference sequences. Indeed, two general limit theorems equipped with rates of convergence for such difference sequences are established. Applications of these lead to the central limit theorem and the weak law of large numbers with rates for Banach space-valued martingales.  相似文献   
44.
We study the effects of mixing ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid-crystal compounds (FLCs and AFLCs) when the former are strictly synclinic and the latter strictly anticlinic, i.e. one mixture component exhibits only SmC* and the other only SmC a* as tilted phase. Three different paths between syn- and anticlinicity were detected: transition directly between SmC* and SmC a*, transition via the SmCβ* and SmCγ* subphases, or by “escaping” the clinicity frustration by reducing the tilt to zero, i.e. the SmA* phase is extended downwards in temperature, separating SmC* from SmC a* in the phase diagram. The most common path is the one via the subphases, demonstrating that these phases appear as a result of frustration between syn- and anticlinic and, consequently, between syn- and antipolar order. For assessing the role of chirality, we also replaced the FLC with non-chiral synclinics. With one of the AFLCs, the route via supbhases was detected even in this case, suggesting that chirality --although necessary-- does not have quite the importance that has previously been attributed to the appearance of the subphases. The path chosen in the mixture study seemed to be determined mainly by the synclinic component, the subphase induction occurring only when the SmA*-SmC* transition was second order.  相似文献   
45.
Dynamical chiral-symmetry breaking (DCSB) in QCD is investigated in the Schwinger-Dyson (SD) formalism based on lattice QCD data. From the quenched lattice data for the quark propagator in the Landau gauge, we extract the SD integral kernel function, the product of the quark-gluon vertex and the polarization factor in the gluon propagator, in an Ansatz-independent manner. We find that the SD kernel function exhibits the characteristic behavior of nonperturbative physics, such as infrared vanishing and strong enhancement at the intermediate-energy region around p 0.6GeV. The infrared and intermediate energy region (0.4GeV < p < 1.5GeV) is found to be most relevant for DCSB from analysis on the relation between the SD kernel and the quark mass function. We apply the lattice-QCD-based SD equation to thermal QCD, and calculate the quark mass function at the finite temperature. Spontaneously broken chiral symmetry is found to be restored at high temperature above 110 MeV.  相似文献   
46.
We demonstrate that Martin's axiom for -centered notions of forcing implies the existence of a van der Waerden space that is not a Hindman space. Our proof is an adaptation of the one given by M. Kojman and S. Shelah that such a space exists if one assumes the continuum hypothesis to be true.

  相似文献   

47.
An infinite class of magnetized line-source (wire) metrics are here derived within the 5D GR (Kaluza-Klein) formalism. These metrics are cylindrically-symmetric (thus representing line-sources), and off-diagonal (thereby representing magnetized wire sources). The off-diagonality of these metrics is significant as all prior cylindrically-symmetric 5D GR metrics have been diagonal. In Kaluza-Klein theory, the vector potentials of EM are incorporated into the extended off-diagonal components of the metric. Thus, examination of such off-diagonal line source (magnetized wire) metrics is a hitherto untapped potential for 5D GR investigation.  相似文献   
48.
An extension of the Voronoi tessellation, the Laguerre polyhedral decomposition, is introduced and applied to the analysis of the packing geometry of amino-acids in folded proteins. This method considers an ensemble of points with different weights and therefore it is well suited for a geometrical analysis of a set of objects with a wide size distribution. With this method it is shown that the true volumes occupied by the amino-acids inside a protein is better described than with the standard Voronoi procedure. This method allows defining unambiguously (without cut-off distance) the neighborhood for each amino-acid in a given protein and contact matrices can be established which contain all topological informations on the internal structure. Finally, a statistical analysis of the geometrical characteristics of the polyhedra attached to each amino-acid is done over a collection of 35 proteins. Received 20 November 2002 / Received in final form 26 March 2003 Published online 20 June 2003 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: sadoc@lps.u-psud.fr  相似文献   
49.
From the recently determined structure of the delafossite YCuO2.5, we argue that the Cu-O network has nearly independent Δ chains but with different interactions between the s = 1/2 spins. Motivated by this observation, we study the Δ chain for different ratios of the base-base and base-vertex interactions, J bb/J bv. By exact diagonalization and extrapolation, we show that the elementary excitation spectrum is the same for total spins S tot = 0 and 1, but not for S tot = 2, and has a gap only in the interval 0.4874(1) ⩽ J bb/J bv ⩽ 1.53(1). The gap, known to be dispersionless for J bb = J bv, is found to acquire increasing k-dependence as J bb/J bv moves away from unity. Received 29 October 2002 / Received in final form 14 January 2003 Published online 6 March 2003 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: sblundell@cea.fr RID="b" ID="b"e-mail: nunezreg@lps.u-psud.fr  相似文献   
50.
The cooling of the metal cluster Pd13 in an atmosphere of rare gas has been studied by means of computer simulation. By simulation, the average energy transfer in collisions between one cluster and one gas atom has been obtained. Emphasis has been placed on conditions when the temperatures of the colliding species are almost equal. All modes of motion, inclusive the translation, must be considered in order to obtain vanishing energy transfer at equilibrium. A simulation scheme is presented by which the energy transfer is zero to the cluster when the gas and the cluster temperatures are equal. At equilibrium the energy transfer does however not vanish for all impact parameters. In the collisions with Pd13, the cluster is heated by collisions with a small impact parameter but equally cooled by collisions with a large impact parameter. Argon and krypton are found to cool Pd13 equally efficiently while neon and helium are less efficient cooling agents. Received 28 September 2001 / Received in final form 8 August 2002 Published online 12 November 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: JanW@phc.gu.se  相似文献   
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