多重表征与学习进阶整合的“库仑定律”教学探索

多重表征能够为学习者提供多样化、弹性的信息呈现方式.多重表征教学有助于学生学习进阶的顺利进行.以"库仑定律"的教学为例,探索了将多重表征与学习进阶整合的教学在物理规律知识形成中的具体应用.     

Partial mean field limits in heterogeneous networks

We investigate systems of interacting stochastic differential equations with two kinds of heterogeneity: one originating from different weights of the linkages, and one concerning their asymptotic relevance when the system becomes large. To capture these effects, we define a partial mean field system, and prove a law of large numbers with explicit bounds on the mean squared error. Furthermore, a large deviation result is established under reasonable assumptions. The theory will be illustrated by several examples: on the one hand, we recover the classical results of chaos propagation for homogeneous systems, and on the other hand, we demonstrate the validity of our assumptions for quite general heterogeneous networks including those arising from preferential attachment random graph models.     

Contributions to Mathematical Psychology: the 2011 Meeting of the EMPG

This issue of ENDM gathers selected, peer-reviewed, short papers that were presented at the 2011 Meeting of the European Mathematical Psychology Group (EMPG) which was held during August 29-31, 2011, in Paris, France.     

On the use of Fresnel boundary and interface conditions in radiative-transfer calculations for multilayered media

The ADO (analytical discrete ordinates) method is used to establish a concise and accurate solution for a multi-layer radiative-transfer problem with Fresnel boundary and interface conditions. A finite plane-parallel medium composed of a number (K) of sub-strata with different material properties is considered to be illuminated by isotropically incident radiation. While a general result is obtained, emphasis in the numerical work is given to computing accurately the currents and the intensities that exit each of the two exterior surfaces. Monochromatic forms (with anisotropic scattering) of the radiative-transfer equation are used, and numerical results are given for several specific cases. The complications introduced by the Fresnel boundary and interface conditions are well resolved, so that the numerical results obtained are thought to define a very high standard.     

Theoretical analysis for surface tilt and translation detection based on speckle photography in the Fresnel domain

The theoretical and numerical analysis in this work show that both surface tilting and translational motion can be simultaneously calculated using the speckle photographic technique by recording consecutive speckle pattern images in two different Fresnel diffraction distances. A simulation example based on the proposed scheme is given to verify the method’s validity and high accuracy of the calculated motion detection. Compared with other previous works the results show that this method is efficient and easy to implement.     

The modified Beckmann–Kirchhoff scattering theory for surface characteristics in-process measurement

This paper focuses on how the scattering theory can be applied to the analysis of the surface characteristics in an in-process optical measurement. The mean scattered intensity distributions from a surface without and with the additional layers are presented based on the modified Beckmann–Kirchhoff scattering theory. The results show that the introduction of the additional layers only affects rough surfaces. The light scattered from a rough surface under the additional layers seems to be scattered from a bare rough surface with a different surface parameter in the small angle approximation. The experiment is conducted with pixel gray value measurement along the main direction of light scattering stripe to verify the theoretical analysis. The experimental curves can well fit the proposed model, which testifies the correction of the modified Beckmann–Kirchhoff scattering theory.     

Beam‐shaping condenser lenses for full‐field transmission X‐ray microscopy

A new type of diffractive X‐ray optical elements is reported, which have been used as beam‐shaping condenser lenses in full‐field transmission X‐ray microscopes. These devices produce a square‐shaped flat‐top illumination on the sample matched to the field of view. The size of the illumination can easily be designed depending on the geometry and requirements of the specific experimental station. Gold and silicon beam‐shapers have been fabricated and tested in full‐field microscopes in the hard and soft X‐ray regimes, respectively.     

Laws of the Iterated Logarithm for the Local U-Statistic Process

Laws of the iterated logarithm are established for the local U-statistic process. This entails the development of probability inequalities and moment bounds for U-processes that should be of separate interest. The local U-statistic process is based upon an estimator of the density of a function of several i.i.d. variables proposed by Frees (J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 89, 517–525, 1994). As a consequence, our results are directly applicable to the derivation of exact rates of uniform in bandwidth consistency in the sup and in the L _p norms for these estimators. Research of E. Giné partially supported by NSA Grant H98230-04-1-0075. Research of D.M. Mason partially supported by NSA Grant MDA904-02-1-0034 and NSF Grant DMS-0503908.     

基于红外热释电处理芯片CS9803GP的人体感应开关设计

信号检测装置采用红外传感器,依据接收人体红外光谱而工作,当人体在其接收范围内活动,自动开启负载,人不离开且在活动,负载持续工作,直至人离开后延时关闭负载,并给出了其完整的硬件电路设计方案与实现方法,其使用性非常好。     

Chemical measurement and the law: metrology and quality issues

To facilitate just and sound decisions legal measurements must be reliable. The aim of this paper is to explore how this is currently achieved and how it might be better done. It considers the different types of legal proceedings, the role of chemical measurement, level of proof, the different types of chemical measurement, measurement units, the role of government, the chemical measurement industry and its control, legal metrology and the development of a measurement system based on metrological principles. It is argued that recent developments provide the basis for a robust support system, that but more needs to be done. It is also argued that the conventional approach to legal metrology has little place in chemical measurement, but that some controls are needed in some areas. In particular, a harmonised approach to international measurement standards is advocated. Received: 29 December 2000 Accepted: 8 January 2001