Investigation of plumes produced by material ablation with two time-delayed femtosecond laser pulses

We experimentally investigated and herewith reported the results of laser ablation of copper and gold with two time-delayed femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm in vacuum. The ablation plume dynamic was monitored by fast plume imaging and time- and space-resolved optical emission spectroscopy. Optical microscopy was used to follow the ablation depth as a function of the delay between the two laser pulses. Nanoparticles deposition on mica substrates was analysed by atomic force microscopy.We estimate roughly the plume's atomization degree - that is the mass fraction of atomized material over the total ablated mass - from the relative intensities of radiation emitted from atoms and nanoparticles. It is shown that the atomization degree depends critically on the time delay between both laser pulses and on the characteristic time of electron-lattice relaxation. The increase of the atomization degree is accompanied by the decrease of the ablation depth. Atomic force microscopy measurements confirm the partial atomization of nanoparticles, as the analyses of particle deposition on mica substrates show a large decrease of the number of nanoparticles for large delay between the two pulses.     

Robust Transmission Over Fast Fading Channels on the Basis of OFDM-MFSK

We present an OFDM-based transmission scheme which is suitable for robust transmission in fast fading environments, where a reliable channel estimate is impossible or very difficult to obtain. Our scheme is based on the combination of noncoherently detected M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Noncoherent detection of OFDM-MFSK allows an arbitrary phase choice for all subcarriers in the transmitter. One possibility to exploit this degree of freedom is to choose the subcarrier phases such, that the peak-to-average power ratio (PARR) is reduced. A second possibility is to use the subcarrier phases to transmit additional data. This can be done by differentially modulating the subcarriers that are occupied by the OFDM-MFSK scheme. Both possibilities do not affect the robustness of the underlying noncoherently detected OFDM-MFSK modulation.

随机森林算法的水果糖分近红外光谱测量

近年来,有关水果糖分等内部品质的近红外光谱测量方法研究很多,并有部分商业化仪器问世。但由于近红外光谱复杂多变,模型的传递性较差,往往所建模型只能针对特定品种甚至特定产地的水果。随机森林(RF)是一种基于决策树的集成算法,通过对分类回归树(CART)模型的集成来提高预测精度。相对于偏最小二乘法(PLS),多元线型回归法(MLR)等方法,随机森林回归方法对非线性数据的解析能力较强。考虑到RF模型的随机性, 通过调试决策树数量(ntree)和分裂变量数目(mtry)等变量来进行模型优选。尝试使用随机森林对不同种类的水果(苹果、梨)糖分进行预测。实验表明,对于同一种类的水果,随机森林和PLS的建模和预测结果均较好。但对于不同种类的水果,随机森林明显增加了模型的预测能力,将建模R2由PLS的0.878提高到了0.999,将建模的RMSEC由0.453降低到了0.015。经过独立的预测集样品对最优RF模型进行检验,预测R2由PLS的0.731提高到为0.888,预测RMSEP由1.148降低到0.334。随机森林在对多种水果糖分预测时,具有明显的优势。这一研究证明了随机森林有望应用于多种水果糖分的近红外光谱测定,进而解决模型的普适性和传递性问题。     

The diminishment of specific heat and surface tension of coolant droplet in a dropwise evaporation process: A novel methodology to enhance the heat transfer rate

The rate of dropwise evaporation is significantly altered by additives, such as benzene, n-hexane and acetone in water. These additives change some of the thermal and physical properties of the coolants, which have significant impact on various parameters that controls the droplet evaporative cooling, such as sensible, heat extraction period, droplet momentum and contact area. The open literature does not reveal the effects of the aforesaid additives on the dropwise evaporation. Therefore, in the current work, an attempt has been made to investigate the effects of above-mentioned additives on dropwise evaporation rate and reveal the mechanism involved. The droplet evaporative cooling experiments are conducted on a 2 mm thick AISI 304 steel plate (10 × 10 mm). The result shows that with increment in benzene and n-hexane concentration in water, the evaporation time significantly reduces. This is attributed to the decreasing surface tension, specific heat and contact angle. However, in case of acetone, the reduction in evaporation time is achieved only up to a concentration of 300 ppm, beyond which the evaporation time increases. This is because of the significant consumption of time in recoiling of the droplet. In addition to the above, the mechanism for the aforesaid enhancement process is tried to reveal by developing the models. For the validation of the developed equations, experimental results are compared with the numerically computed data. The comparison discloses that the developed model is quite accurate and shows insignificant variation from the experimental results. R² and RMSE are also calculated for both the developed models and based on minimum recommended RMSE; the best model is also suggested.     

Investigations of radiation shielding using Monte Carlo method and elastic properties of PbO-SiO2-B2O3-Na2O glasses

Several physical parameters such as the packing density (PD), oxygen molar volume (OMV), oxygen packing density (OPD) and the elastic moduli of the quaternary glass system xPbO-(30-x)SiO₂-46.67B₂O₃-23.33Na₂O (x = 0, 5, 10 and 15 mol%) have been evaluated. The elastic moduli were computed according to Makishima-Mackenzie model and Rocherulle model. The values of these moduli have been compared to their experimental values. Moreover, different shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic numbers (EAN), effective electron densities (EED) and buildup factors have been evaluated using the WinXcom program in the energy range 0.015–15 MeV for the quaternary studied glass system. The MAC values have been compared with MCNPX (version 2.6.0) Monte Carlo code. Besides, mass stopping power (MSP) for proton, alpha and electron as well as the removal cross section for fast neutron (∑_R) have been calculated. The results observed that the composition has the highest value of PbO (15 mol %) showed excellent nuclear radiation shielding and elastic properties.     

An Area Efficient FFT/IFFT Processor for MIMO-OFDM WLAN 802.11n

A pipelined Fast Fourier Transform and its inverse (FFT/IFFT) processor, which utilizes hardware resources efficiently, is proposed for MIMO-OFDM WLAN 802.11n. Compared with a conventional MIMO-OFDM implementation, (in which as many FFT/IFFT processors as the number of transmit/receive antennas is used), the proposed architecture (using hardware sharing among multiple data sequences) reduces hardware complexity without sacrificing system throughput. Further, the proposed architecture can support 1–4 input data sequences with sequence lengths of 64 or 128, as needed. The FFT/IFFT processor is synthesized using TSMC 0.18 um CMOS technology and saves 25% area compared to a conventional implementation approach using radix-2³ algorithm. The proposed FFT/IFFT processor can be configured to improve power efficiency according to the number of input data sequences and the sequence length. The processor consumes 38 mW at 75 MHz for one input sequence with 64-point length; it consumes 87 mW at 75 MHz for four input sequences with length 128-point and can be efficiently used for IEEE 802.11n WLAN standard.

Lattice model for fast diffusion equation

We obtain a fast diffusion equation (FDE) as scaling limit of a sequence of zero-range process with symmetric unit rate. Fast diffusion effect comes from the fact that the diffusion coefficient goes to infinity as the density goes to zero. In order to capture this fast diffusion effect from a microscopic point of view we are led to consider a proper rescaling of a model with a typically high number of particles per site. Furthermore, we obtain some results on the convergence for the method of lines for FDE.     

单片机实现音频频谱显示的快速算法研究

基于单片机SST89V58RD2的特性,提出一种切实可行的快速傅里叶变换算法实现音频信号频谱显示的设计方案。该方案硬件电路设计简单、成本低,并具有较高的实用价值。     

基于移动流媒体技术的音乐在线播放列表解决方案

从移动流媒体音乐业务的系统结构、对主要功能体的要求、方案流程等方面入手,详细介绍了一种基于移动流媒体技术的音乐在线播放列表技术方案。     

一种快速DOA估计算法

MUSIC算法需要将天线阵列接收数据的协方差矩阵进行特征分解,并在全空域进行谱峰搜索。该算法具有很高的分辨力、估计精度及稳定性,但是运算量巨大,难以实时实现。通过对等距线阵特点及MUSIC算法的研究,提出了一种无需特征分解和在全空域进行谱峰搜索的快速算法,算法采取降维处理的方法快速估计信号子空间,然后根据基于阵列一次快拍的FFT算法粗略估计的局域信号空间进行谱峰搜索,从而有效降低了算法的计算量,理论分析和计算机仿真结果证明了该算法的有效性。