Determination of the perturbation parameter in large deflection of plates and shallow shells by means of the least square method

In this paper, the least square method of determination of the perturbation parameter is presented when the perturbation technique is used in the solution of large deflection of axisymmetrical plates and shallow shells. The examples of circular plates are calculated and compared with the exact solution and other perturbation solutions. The results show the best agreement with the exact solution among those perturbation solutions.     

以赤泥为原料合成聚合氯化铝铁复合絮凝剂及其应用

介绍了用炼铝废弃物赤泥制备聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂（PAFC）的基本工艺.研究了液固比、反应温度、反应时间对赤泥溶出率的影响,确定了最佳溶出条件为反应液固比3.5∶1、温度85℃、时间1.5 h;制备聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂的最佳工艺条件为铝铁摩尔比1∶1,温度60℃,反应时间1.0 h.通过对该产品进行混凝试验,得出当PAFC投加量为0.80 mL.L-1,沉降时间为30 min,pH在6～7之间时,浊度、色度、COD的最大去除率分别达到69%、85%、70%.     

基于水样类型识别的光谱COD测量方法

基于紫外吸收光谱的COD测量方法,尽管具有快速、实时、免试剂、无污染等优势。但该方法对于组分多变的水样适应性不强,构建的单一计算模型不能适用于所有待测水样类型,导致其在复杂环境下测量准确度较低,从而限制了其应用领域。本研究提出一种基于水样类型识别的测量方法。其过程包括:动态识别水样类型→自动选择相应的"吸光度(Auv)-COD"算法模型→计算COD。该方法有效提高了紫外光谱法COD测量的准确度和适用性。该研究在传统的光谱识别技术的基础上,针对COD实际测量的特点加以改进。选取水样吸光度曲线的形貌特征作为水样类型的表征参数,利用LM-BP神经网络作为识别算法。并引入了"历史数据队列"、"历史识别因子"的概念,在此基础上形成了级联的神经网络结构。该算法实现了COD测量应用中的高准确度的光谱识别,进而提高了复杂环境下COD测量的精度。大量实验测试和结果表明,与传统的光谱识别技术相比,该方法在COD测量应用中具有更好的鲁棒性和准确性。水样类型识别准确率达98%以上。同时算法结构简单,计算量小,适用于资源受限的小型化COD测量仪。当仪器在复杂多变的水环境中进行测量时,采用该算法测量得到的COD精度有显著的提高。该方法的提出为光谱COD测量法在水体组分多变场合的应用及提高其测量精度提供了技术保证,可望解决传统紫外光谱COD测量法难以适应变化和复杂水环境应用的问题。     

示波电位滴定法测定COD的研究

本文用回流处理样品，以示波电位滴定法测定水中化学耗氧量（ＣＯＤ），方法简单，终点变化敏锐，特别适宜于有色和有悬浊物的样品分析。     

The chemistry of binuclear palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes

The chemistry of binuclear palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes has been reviewed. This review deals with complexes derived from various classes of ligands and covers various aspects, viz. synthesis, spectroscopic and structural features and chemical reactivity, of these complexes. Applications of these complexes are briefly described in the respected sections.     

Ti/TiO2 Electrode Preparation Using Laser Anneal and Its Application to Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand

A method for Ti/TiO₂ photoelectrode preparation using laser calcination instead of oven calcination process was introduced. The prepared TiO₂ film was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and amperometry, and it was found that the prepared electrode mainly consisted of anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles on its surface and exhibited a superior photocatalytic activity. The electrode was employed as a sensor to measure chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater. The measuring principle was based on the photocurrent responses of the electrode which were proportional to the COD values. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the linear range was 50–2000 mg L⁻¹, and the detection limit was 16 mg L⁻¹ (S/N=3). This method was characterized by short analysis time, simplicity, low environmental impact and long lifetime of the sensor. Additionally, the COD values obtained from the proposed and conventional methods agreed well as demonstrated by the high significant correlation between the two sets of COD values (R=0.9895, n=25).     

Radiation treatment of municipal effluent

The recycling of municipal wastewater is an effective means of coping with the water shortage in Tokyo. After irradiation, the refractory organic substances in wastewater were decomposed. COD, light brown color, offensive odor and foaminess in the effluents were reduced with increasing dose.

Inactivation efficiencies (D₁₀) of six microorganisms added to the secondary effluents and return sludge supernatant by irradiation were investigated. The survival curves of total bacteria, total coliforms and enterococci in the secondary effluents were compared. The number of total coliforms exponentially decreased with increasing dose and fell to undetectable levels at 0.5 kGy.

The elimination of suspended solids in the secondary effluents is effective in diminishing the dose required to disinfect and prevent bacteria regrowth.     

Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: A review

Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. An increase in the amount of NOM has been observed over the past 10-20 years in raw water supplies in several areas, which has a significant effect on drinking water treatment. The presence of NOM causes many problems in drinking water and drinking water treatment processes, including (i) negative effect on water quality by causing colour, taste and odor problems, (ii) increased coagulant and disinfectant doses (which in turn results in increased sludge volumes and production of harmful disinfection by-products), (iii) promoted biological growth in distribution system, and (iv) increased levels of complexed heavy metals and adsorbed organic pollutants. NOM can be removed from drinking water by several treatment options, of which the most common and economically feasible processes are considered to be coagulation and flocculation followed by sedimentation/flotation and sand filtration. Most of the NOM can be removed by coagulation, although, the hydrophobic fraction and high molar mass compounds of NOM are removed more efficiently than hydrophilic fraction and the low molar mass compounds. Thus, enhanced and/or optimized coagulation, as well as new process alternatives for the better removal of NOM by coagulation process has been suggested. In the present work, an overview of the recent research dealing with coagulation and flocculation in the removal of NOM from drinking water is presented.     

Electrocatalytic Sensor for the Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand Using a Lead Dioxide Modified Electrode

An amperometric method that makes use of a nano‐PbO₂ modified electrode as an electrocatalytic sensor for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is described. The sensor signal was observed as a result of the detection of the oxidation current due to electrocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds in the sample solution. This sensor responded linearly to the COD_Cr of standard samples in the range of 5–3 000 ppm and the detection limit was 2.5 ppm. When using the sensor to determine real samples, it displays short analysis time, simplicity and no sample pretreatment. The sensor was stable for over 20 days in real wastewater samples and has successfully been applied to the determination of COD in real wastewater samples.