An Ionic Molecular Glass as Electron Injection Layer for Efficient Polymer Light‐Emitting Diode

An ionic molecular glass based on a dendronized monoammonium salt has been facilely synthesized and utilized as an interfacial electron‐injection layer in a light‐emitting diode (LED). The characterization of a yellow‐green LED that involves an Al cathode and a thin layer of the new compound spin cast from a methanol solution has shown device performances comparable to those obtained with a Ba/Al cathode. Photovoltaic measurements under white light irradiation reveal that a thin layer of the new compound can significantly increase the built‐in potential and thus facilitate electron injection from an Al cathode. Furthermore, it is interesting to observe that the new ionic salt could undergo reorganization on the emissive conjugated polymer layer, which leads to the formation of nearly uniform nanoaggregates.

     

锂离子电池正极材料Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 0.6, 0.85)相变对比

本文主要对高镍三元材料（Li(Ni_0.85Co_0.1Mn_0.05)O₂,Ni85）和常规低镍三元材料（Li(Ni_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2)O₂,Ni60）两种三元材料的相变电压范围进行了划分和测定,以研究两种材料相变规律的区别,并进一步分析得出高镍材料在充电过程中的结构稳定性相对较弱的原因。本文主要采用了XRD、dQ·dV^-1以及SEM的表征方式对两种材料的相变、结构变化及颗粒表面的形貌进行分析。并得出以下结论,高镍正极在3.0 V ~ 4.2 V范围内充电时经历了H1→M→H2→H3的三次相变过程,最终产物为H3相。而传统Ni60材料在相同电压范围内只经历了H1→M的相变过程,当过充至4.550 V时,Ni60材料可达到H2相,继续过充至5.000 V后,可完成H3相的转变。因此,高镍正极材料在正常充电电压范围内即完成了H3相的相转变过程,其较低的相变电压阈值是其结构稳定性较差的原因。     

Upgrading and expanding the electro-Fenton and related processes

The Fenton-based electrochemical advanced oxidation processes are currently recognized as the most effective technologies to achieve fast and complete degradation of target organic contaminants in water. Electro-Fenton was the pioneering process, but a larger mineralization is attained via UV and solar photoelectro-Fenton processes due to the occurrence of key photoreduction reactions. In practice, the decontamination effectiveness turns out to be limited as solution pH increases and the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction occurring at the cathode becomes inefficient or insufficient. Here, we focus on the current opinion in two crucial features of the reviewed processes: (i) trends in cathodic H₂O₂ electrogeneration, showing the oxygen reduction reaction upgrading upon use of new and/or more sustainable electrocatalysts, cathode configurations and reactor designs; and (ii) advances in iron-based catalysts, with the main purpose of expanding the application to a much wider pH range, eventually surpassing the classical acidic limitation associated to conventional Fenton's reaction.     

Hierarchical Surface Atomic Structure of a Manganese‐Based Spinel Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

The increasing use of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in high‐power applications requires improvement of their high‐temperature electrochemical performance, including their cyclability and rate capability. Spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) is a promising cathode material because of its high stability and abundance. However, it exhibits poor cycling performance at high temperatures owing to Mn dissolution. Herein we show that when stoichiometric lithium manganese oxide is coated with highly doped spinels, the resulting epitaxial coating has a hierarchical atomic structure consisting of cubic‐spinel, tetragonal‐spinel, and layered structures, and no interfacial phase is formed. In a practical application of the coating to doped spinel, the material retained 90 % of its capacity after 800 cycles at 60 °C. Thus, the formation of an epitaxial coating with a hierarchical atomic structure could enhance the electrochemical performance of LIB cathode materials while preventing large losses in capacity.     

多孔微纳结构富锂正极材料0.6Li2MnO3·0.4LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2的制备及其电化学性能

采用碳酸盐共沉淀与燃烧法相结合的方法制备得到了多孔微纳球形结构的富锂正极材料0.6Li₂MnO₃·0.4LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂。借助X射线衍射（XRD）分析、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、N₂吸附-脱附和恒电流充放电测试研究了其晶体结构、微观形貌和电化学性能。结果表明该方法制备出的材料是由一次颗粒径约300 nm的小颗粒组成的多孔微纳球形结构,比表面积为13 m²·g^-1,具有完善的α-NaFeO₂层状结构（空间群为R3m）。电化学性能测试结果证实该材料具有优异的高容量、高循环稳定性和高倍率性能。在2.0~4.8 V,电流密度为0.1C、0.2C、0.5C、1C、3C、5C和10C时的放电比容量分别为：266、254、235、205、186、149和107 mAh·g^-1;在0.5C下循环100次后,放电比容量仍为217 mAh·g^-1（容量保持率为94%）。     

锂离子电池电极材料研究进展

本文综述了锂离子电池中正、负电极材料的制备、结构与电化学性能之间的关系。正极材料包括嵌锂的层状L ixMO 2 和尖晶石型L ixM 2O 4 结构的过渡金属氧化物(M =Co、N i、M n、V ) , 负极材料包括石墨、含氢碳、硬碳和金属氧化物。侧重于阐述控制锂离子电池循环过程中可逆嵌锂容量和稳定性的嵌锂电极材料的结构性质。给出118 篇参考文献。     

Studies of the hydrogen evolution reaction on smooth Co and electrodeposited Ni–Co ultramicroelectrodes

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was studied on smooth Co and on electrodeposited Ni–Co ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) in alkaline solutions at several temperatures by steady-state polarisation curves. The real electrochemical area was previously estimated by cyclic voltammetry to account for the large difference in roughness factor of the two surfaces. The values obtained for the Tafel slopes were very close to 2.303RT/βnF while the ‘apparent’ energies of activation were 59 and 41 kJ mol⁻¹ for Co and Ni–Co, respectively. A common Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism with Heyrovsky as the rate-determining step (RDS) was initially proposed. This was confirmed when the experimental results were mathematically treated by a non-linear fitting procedure using the kinetic equations derived for that mechanism. The calculations revealed that Ni–Co is a more efficient catalyst for the HER then pure Co, with a rate constant value of 0.16×10⁻¹⁰ mol s⁻¹ cm⁻² at 25°C for the slow step. Although this value is more than one order of magnitude smaller than that already reported for deposited Ni, it is considerably larger than the one measured here (0.02×10⁻¹⁰ mol s⁻¹ cm⁻²) for pure Co at 25°C.     

Approaching the Downsizing Limit of Maricite NaFePO4 toward High‐Performance Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Maricite NaFePO₄ nanodots with minimized sizes (≈1.6 nm) uniformly embedded in porous N‐doped carbon nanofibers (designated as NaFePO₄@C) are first prepared by electrospinning for maximized Na‐storage performance. The obtained flexible NaFePO₄@C fiber membrane adherent on aluminum foil is directly used as binder‐free cathode for sodium‐ion batteries, revealing that the ultrasmall nanosize effect as well as a high‐potential desodiation process can transform the generally perceived electrochemically inactive maricite NaFePO₄ into a highly active amorphous phase; meanwhile, remarkable electrochemical performance in terms of high reversible capacity (145 mA h g^?1 at 0.2 C), high rate capability (61 mA h g^?1 at 50 C), and unprecedentedly high cyclic stability (≈89% capacity retention over 6300 cycles) is achieved. Furthermore, the soft package Na‐ion full battery constructed by the NaFePO₄@C nanofibers cathode and the pure carbon nanofibers anode displays a promising energy density of 168.1 Wh kg^?1 and a notable capacity retention of 87% after 200 cycles. The distinctive 3D network structure of very fine NaFePO₄ nanoparticles homogeneously encapsulated in interconnected porous N‐doped carbon nanofibers, can effectively improve the active materials' utilization rate, facilitate the electrons/Na⁺ ions transport, and strengthen the electrode stability upon prolonged cycling, leading to the fascinating Na‐storage performance.     

Solid‐State Lithium–Sulfur Battery Enabled by Thio‐LiSICON/Polymer Composite Electrolyte and Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode

Solid‐state lithium–sulfur battery (SSLSB) is attractive due to its potential for providing high energy density. However, the cell chemistry of SSLSB still faces challenges such as sluggish electrochemical kinetics and prominent “chemomechanical” failure. Herein, a high‐performance SSLSB is demonstrated by using the thio‐LiSICON/polymer composite electrolyte in combination with sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (S/PAN) cathode. Thio‐LiSICON/polymer composite electrolyte, which processes high ionic conductivity and wettability, is fabricated to enhance the interfacial contact and the performance of lithium metal anodes. S/PAN is utilized due to its unique electrochemical characteristics: electrochemical and structural studies combined with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance characterizations reveal the charge/discharge mechanism of S/PAN, which is the radical‐mediated redox reaction within the sulfur grafted conjugated polymer framework. This characteristic of S/PAN can support alleviating the volume change in the cathode and maintaining fast redox kinetics. The assembled SSLSB full cell exhibits excellent rate performance with 1183 mAh g^?1 at 0.2 C and 719 mAh g^?1 at 0.5 C, respectively, and can accomplish 50 cycles at 0.1 C with the capacity retention of 588 mAh g^?1. The superior performance of the SSLSB cell rationalizes the construction concept and leads to considerations for the innovative design of SSLSB.     

电解液法改善碳纳米管阴极场发射特性

针对丝网印刷碳纳米管(CNT)阴极,提出用电解液法进行表面后处理,有效改善碳纳米管阴极场发射特性.利用扫描电子显微镜表征电解液法处理前后CNT阴极表面形貌变化,并对处理前后CNT阴极进行场发射特性测试.结果表明,电解液法处理后有更多的CNT伸出有机浆料表面,开启电场从2.4 V/μm降低到1.4 V/μm,同样面积的薄膜(印制面积为1 cm×1 cm)在3.0 V/μm场强下的发射电流由100μA提高到了1 800μA,说明电解液处理对于提高薄膜的场发射特性有明显作用.该方法在碳纳米管场发射显示器的制作中具有很好的实际应用价值.