Performance evaluation of nonnegative matrix factorization algorithms to estimate task-related neuronal activities from fMRI data

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is a blind source separation (BSS) algorithm which is based on the distinct constraint of nonnegativity of the estimated parameters as well as on the measured data. In this study, according to the potential feasibility of NMF for fMRI data, the four most popular NMF algorithms, corresponding to the following two types of (1) least-squares based update [i.e., alternating least-squares NMF (ALSNMF) and projected gradient descent NMF] and (2) multiplicative update (i.e., NMF based on Euclidean distance and NMF based on divergence cost function), were investigated by using them to estimate task-related neuronal activities. These algorithms were applied firstly to individual data from a single subject and, subsequently, to group data sets from multiple subjects. On the single-subject level, although all four algorithms detected task-related activation from simulated data, the performance of multiplicative update NMFs was significantly deteriorated when evaluated using visuomotor task fMRI data, for which they failed in estimating any task-related neuronal activities. In group-level analysis on both simulated data and real fMRI data, ALSNMF outperformed the other three algorithms. The presented findings may suggest that ALSNMF appears to be the most promising option among the tested NMF algorithms to extract task-related neuronal activities from fMRI data.     

基于因子图的同频数字混合信号单通道盲分离

本文针对复杂编码下同频数字调制混合信号单通道盲分离问题,构建了利用因子图设计盲分离算法的统一框架。通过将和积消息传递算法与ECM参数估计算法有机地结合,提出一种基于因子图的编码辅助同频混合信号单通道盲分离算法。确定了在最大似然准则下混合信号同步参数的估计式。利用广义分配率准则,为存在码间干扰的混合信号建立了合理的因子图模型,得到了符号序列的后验概率估计式。仿真结果表明,本文提出的算法不仅能够对卷积码混合信号取得较好的分离性能,还能有效实现对LDPC码等复杂编码混合信号的参数和序列的联合估计。     

采用SOA重塑业务支撑系统纵向集成架构

详细介绍了在电信业务支撑系统中采用SOA技术设计纵向集成架构的思路与方案,并分享了工程实施中的一些经验与教训。     

电信智能卡集中管理支撑方案探讨

结合中国电信运营商智能卡的业务现状,从智能卡制卡方式、支撑架构、支撑流程等方面论述了电信智能卡的集中支撑方案,最后给出了集中式管理带来的其他问题。     

基于两步法稀疏分量分析的欠定盲源分离

分析了解决欠定盲源分离问题的稀疏分量分析方法。首先讨论了数据矩阵稀疏表示（分解）的方法,其次重点讨论了基于稀疏因式分解方法的盲源分离。该盲源分离技术分两步．一步是估计混合矩阵,第二步是估计源矩阵。如源信号是高度稀疏的,盲分离可直接在时域内实现。否则．对观测的混合矩阵运用小波包变换预处理后才能进行。仿真结果证明了理论分析的正确性。     

A fixed-point algorithm for blind source separation with nonlinear autocorrelation

This paper addresses blind source separation (BSS) problem when source signals have the temporal structure with nonlinear autocorrelation. Using the temporal characteristics of sources, we develop an objective function based on the nonlinear autocorrelation of sources. Maximizing the objective function, we propose a fixed-point source separation algorithm. Furthermore, we give some mathematical properties of the algorithm. Computer simulations for sources with square temporal autocorrelation and the real-world applications in the analysis of the magnetoencephalographic recordings (MEG) illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach. Thus, the presented BSS algorithm, which is based on the nonlinear measure of temporal autocorrelation, provides a novel statistical property to perform BSS.     

一种快速的解盲源分离新算法

 针对盲源分离问题,提出一种基于接收信号不同延时下自相关矩阵组的快速联合对角化算法(FJD).采用乘性迭代机制求解表征联合对角化近似程度的F-范数代价函数.对代价函数的合理近似及巧妙求解,是算法快速有效的核心原因.每步迭代得到的严格对角占优更新矩阵,保证联合对角化器严格可逆,防止收敛到平凡解.算法具有不需要预白化操作,不限定待对角化目标矩阵的正定性,并能处理复值数据等诸多优点,具有极广的适用性.详细的计算复杂度分析说明了算法的高效性及易操作性.仿真结果表明,FJD算法收敛速度快,性能良好,能有效地解决盲源分离问题.     

基于共轭梯度法的盲分离在线算法

在严格论证盲分离问题与数学上的最优化问题等价的基础上,把问题的重点集中在对该最优化问题的寻优上.由于盲分离最优化问题的目标函数的特点,在欧氏空间中对决策变量(分离矩阵W)进行寻优求解带来诸多复杂因素,寻优算法在弯曲的黎曼空间中动态运行是解决这些问题的一条可行途径.为此,本文在改进 NGA 和 PDFA 算法的基础上,结合在线算法 PDEA 在估计信号的得分函数的较好效果,和求解最优化问题的共轭梯度法较快收敛性能,提出了具有自学习能力,并继承共轭梯度法特点的盲分离在线算法 PDEA-CONJ.此算法应用到盲分离问题中,在混合矩阵严重病态情况下能取得了较好分离效果.实际算例验证了其收敛性和有效性.     

On the HALA effect in the NMR carbon shielding constants of the compounds containing heavy p‐elements

The heavy atom (HA) effect on the NMR isotropic carbon shielding constants is computationally investigated in the series of model ethanes, ethylenes, and acetylenes, C_βH₃? C_αH₂? XH_n, C_βH₂? C_αH? XH_n, C_βH?C_α? XH_n (n = 0, 1, 2, or 3 depending on X), where X covers p‐elements in the 13–17 groups of the 3–6 periods in as many as 60 compounds. Compounds under study provide diverse bonding situations for the α‐ and β‐carbons, which are characterized by the consecutive increase of the s‐character of the C_β? C_α and C_α? X bonds, being one of the factors influencing spin‐orbit part of the HA on light atom effect (SO‐HALA). The “chalcogen dependence,” “pnictogen dependence,” “tetrel dependence,” and “triel dependence” are established for the 16th, 15th, 14th, and 13th groups, respectively. A well‐known “normal halogen dependence” for the ¹³C NMR chemical shifts, established much earlier for the compounds containing 17th group elements, also revealed itself in all three series under investigation. The dependence of the spin‐orbit effects size depending on the number of the lone electron pairs (LEPs) on HA X has also been investigated. The comparison of theoretical ¹³C NMR chemical shifts with experiment is performed for three representative tellurides. The HALA effect in this series has been shown to be strongly dependent on the number of tellurium LEPs.     

Blind signal separation of linear mixture using trilinear decomposition

This paper introduces a new source separation technique exploiting the time coherence of the source signals. The proposed approach relies only on stationary second order statistics. Blind Signal Separation (BSS) method using trilinear decomposition is proposed in this paper. Simulation results reveal that our proposed algorithm has the better blind signal separation performance than joint di-agonalization method. Our proposed algorithm does not require whitening processing. Moreover, our proposed algorithm works well in the underdetermined condition, where the number of sources exceeds than the number of sensors.