Physicochemical compatibility of SrCeO3 with potential SOFC cathodes

The chemical and physical compatibility of SrCeO₃ is investigated with respect to LaMO₃ (M=Mn, Fe, Co) and La_2−xSr_xNiO₄ (x=0, 0.8), via the reaction of fine-grained powder compacts and solid-state diffusion couples. Compositions were chosen so as to give predictive insight into possible candidate materials for all-oxide electrochemical devices. Results show the primary reaction in these systems to be the dissolution of SrO from SrCeO₃ into the LaMO₃/La_2−xSr_xNiO₄, and corresponding formation of La-doped CeO₂. Reaction kinetics are observed to be relatively fast, with element profiles suggesting the diffusion of Sr²⁺ in ceria to be surprisingly rapid. It is demonstrated that perovskite starting materials represent poor candidates for use with SrCeO₃, reacting completely to form Ruddlesden-Popper/K₂NiF₄ type oxides. Reaction with La₂NiO₄ is less pronounced, and formation of secondary phases suppressed for the composition La_1.2Sr_0.8NiO₄. It is thus concluded that Ruddlesden-Popper type oxides represent good candidate materials for use with a SrCeO₃-based electrolytes when doped with appropriate levels of Sr.     

Flammability studies of 3-methyl pyridine/water system

In industrial processes, information on the safety property of chemicals is essentially crucial for safe handling during unit operations. Ensuring the safe use of combustible or flammable substances in processes is unlikely without detailed investigations of their flammability characteristics and related hazards. We studied 3-methyl pyridine (3-picoline), e.g., flammability limits (LFL/UFL), maximum explosion pressure (P _max), maximum explosion pressure rise (dP/dt)_max, minimum oxygen concentration (MOC), vapor deflagration index (K _g), and characterized the influence of inert steam (H₂O) on critical parameters for 3-picoline/water mixtures at 270°C, 1 atm, various oxygen concentrations, and vapor mixing ratios (100/0, 30/70, 10/90 and 5/95 vol.%) with a 20-L-Apparatus in simulated conditions, respectively. The results showed that the flammability characteristics of 3-picoline_(aq) all increased with the oxygen concentration. However, as the composition of inert steam increased, the flammability parameters and the degree of fire and explosion hazards were significantly reduced, instead. This study elucidated the flammability properties of 3-picoline mixed with inert steam. The conclusions could be applied to proactively prevent the relevant processes from incurring fire and explosion accidents.     

Selective Oxidation of Betulin by Cr(VI) Reagents

Oxidation of betulin by pyridinium dichromate, pyridinium chlorochromate, and K₂Cr₂O₇ -H₂SO₄ in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide was studied. Products of regioselective C-3, C-28-, and exhaustive oxidation, 28-hydroxylup-20(29)-3-one, 3-hydroxy- and 3-oxolup-20(29)-en-28-al were obtained.     

Enzyme inhibitors as chemical tools to study enzyme catalysis: rational design, synthesis, and applications

Carefully designed molecules that are intimately related to the reaction mechanism of enzymes are often highly selective and potent inhibitors that serve as extremely useful chemical probes for understanding the reaction mechanism and structure of enzymes. This article describes the design, synthesis, and applications of specific inhibitors of two mechanistically distinct groups of enzymes, ATP-dependent amide ligases and Ser- and Thr-hydrolases. Our strategy is based on the premise that stable analogues of the transition state (transition-state analogues) are highly potent inhibitors that serve as good mechanistic probes, and that a key structure of a good inhibitor of one enzyme is also utilized for the inhibitors of other enzymes that share the same chemistry in their catalyzed reactions, irrespective of the degree of structural similarity and evolutionary link between the enzymes. According to these principles, we designed and synthesized a series of phosphinate- and sulfoximine-based transition-state analogue inhibitors of glutathione synthetase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and asparagine synthetase. For the second group of enzymes, we synthesized a gamma-monofluorophosphono glutamate analogue for mechanism-based affinity labeling of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and fluorescent phosphonic acid esters for the active-site titration of lipase. These inhibitors were used successfully as ligands for detailed kinetic analyses, X-ray crystallography, and mass analysis of the enzymes to identify the key amino acid residues responsible for catalysis and substrate recognition in the transition state.     

The reactivity of 3-methyl- and 5-methyl-1-vinylpyrazoles in free-radical polymerization

3-Methyl-l-vinylpyrazole (M3VP) and 5-methyl-1-vinylpyrazole (M5VP) were isolated as individual substances by vacuum rectification of their mixture (M3VP: M5VP 60 40). For each of them the kinetics of free-radical polymerization in MeOH were measured at low conversions. In both cases the rate of polymerization is proportional to 0.5 order with respect to the initiator (AIBN) concentration. On the other hand, a first order of reaction with respect to monomer concentration is observed only when the latter is relatively low (3M). At higher initial concentrations of monomers the order of reaction becomes less than unity. The overall rate of polymerization for M5VP was higher than for M3VP, whereas the initiation rate remained constant in the whole range of monomer concentrations and did not depend on the exact structure of the monomer. The difference in the rates of polymerization observed for M3VP and M5VP is probably connected with the difference in the key parameterk _p/k _t ^1/2 for each of the two isomers. It is concluded that the correct kinetic information about homo- and co-polymerization of M3VP and M5VP cannot be obtained without their adequate separation.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 413–415, February, 1993.     

高效液相色谱法测定小麦幼苗中植物生长调节剂

介绍了高效液相色谱法测定麦苗中植物生长调节剂（赤霉素ＧＡ３），３－吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）的方法，用国产预处理小柱处理样品，并以甲醇：１％，冰乙酸＝１２：８８（Ｖ／Ｖ）为流动相，色谱柱为ＺｏｒｂａｘＣ１８，在２１０ｎｍ紫外检测。     

Diagramme de phases du systeme binaire LiNO3-NaNO3

Phase diagram of the binary system LiNO₃-NaNO₃ has been obtained by using direct and differential thermal analysis between 323 and 623 K. This system is characterized by an eutectic plateau at 467 K. The eutectic point is at 0.465 mole NaNO₃. A peritectic appears at 550 K. There is no miscibility in the solid state. These findings associated with some other thermodynamic results have been used to calculate the activities of the constituents along the liquids curve and the excess thermodynamic functions at 618 K. The constituents seem not to have a symmetrical influence on the thermodynamic quantities.

     

N-取代吩噻嗪和DDQ的电荷转移络合作用

具有盼嘤酸化学结构的化合物有广泛的用途I‘－＼其中吩嘤埃衍生物在医学上用作抗精神病药物特别受到药理学家们的注意，发现其药理作用与其分子提供电子的能力有关卜‘」但是我们应该注意到，作为抗精神病药物的吩嚷嚷衍生物，其吩座爆分子的氮原子都连有一个叔胺基链问，例如氯丙障（I）和奋乃静（11）．而我们知道，胺类特别是叔胺类有强的提供电子的能力＊；在上述的药物分子中是主要的提供电子因素，因此以这类化合物作为给体研究其供电子能力，是不能实际反映吩嘤嗓分子本身的给电子能力的．吩嘤噪类属于二苯并杂环化合物，分子中既…     

Preparation of apolar glass capillary columns by the barium carbonate procedure

As an extension of previous reports, the barium carbonate procedure has been optimized in detail for the preparation of apolar columns. The aim was to produce optimum overall column characteristics, and to maintain them unchanged under the prolonged influence of the highest possible temperature. The main parameters under optimization were glass variety, leaching of glass surface with aqueous HCl, and amount of barium carbonate deposited, while deactivation and coating were kept constant. The basic column characteristics were adsorption properties and thermostability of deactivation, acid/base behaviour and separation efficiency. They were determined by a new, quantitative testing procedure. Intense leaching was able to eliminate almost totally the differences between glass varieties and to create a well-defined glass surface. While untreated glass, leached glass, and barium carbonate treated glass showed specific weak points in the respective column quality, the combination of leaching and barium carbonate treatment yielded the highest and most stable quality. Some technical modifications of the preparation procedure are described, including deactivation in the gas phase, and use of pentane as a solvent for static coating.     

Synthesis of 21-nor-22-oxa-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 derivatives in quest of a drug with low calcemic activity

Two 21-nor-22-oxa-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ derivatives have been synthesized in quest of a drug with lower calcemic activity than Maxacalcitol, 22-oxa-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃, being used as antihyperparathyroidism and antipsoriatic drug. Of two 21-nor products obtained, the product carrying one carbon elongated side chain with diethylcarbinol moiety has been found to exhibit comparable differentiation-inducing activity to Maxacalcitol with much lower exhibition of calcemic activity.