Composing dinatural transformations: Towards a calculus of substitution

Dinatural transformations, which generalise the ubiquitous natural transformations to the case where the domain and codomain functors are of mixed variance, fail to compose in general; this has been known since they were discovered by Dubuc and Street in 1970. Many ad hoc solutions to this remarkable shortcoming have been found, but a general theory of compositionality was missing until Petri?, in 2003, introduced the concept of g-dinatural transformations, that is, dinatural transformations together with an appropriate graph: he showed how acyclicity of the composite graph of two arbitrary dinatural transformations is a sufficient and essentially necessary condition for the composite transformation to be in turn dinatural. Here we propose an alternative, semantic rather than syntactic, proof of Petri?'s theorem, which the authors independently rediscovered with no knowledge of its prior existence; we then use it to define a generalised functor category, whose objects are functors of mixed variance in many variables, and whose morphisms are transformations that happen to be dinatural only in some of their variables.We also define a notion of horizontal composition for dinatural transformations, extending the well-known version for natural transformations, and prove it is associative and unitary. Horizontal composition embodies substitution of functors into transformations and vice-versa, and is intuitively reflected from the string-diagram point of view by substitution of graphs into graphs.This work represents the first, fundamental steps towards a substitution calculus for dinatural transformations as sought originally by Kelly, with the intention then to apply it to describe coherence problems abstractly. There are still fundamental difficulties that are yet to be overcome in order to achieve such a calculus, and these will be the subject of future work; however, our contribution places us well in track on the path traced by Kelly towards a calculus of substitution for dinatural transformations.     

Transitivity is neither hereditary nor finitely productive

We construct a transitive space that is the union of two subspaces homeomorphic to the (non-transitive) Kofner plane. Moreover, we show that the product of two transitive spaces need not be transitive. Finally, we observe that results of E.K. van Douwen establish that, under b = c, there exists a locally countable locally compact non-transitive zero-dimensional space. It follows that under b = c neither a locally transitive nor a compact space need be transitive.     

城市公交线路网络图的最短路与乘车路线问题

分析大城市公共交通网络图的特点 ,提出了乘公共交通在大城市观光旅游时的乘车路线问题 ,并应用图论的理论和方法 ,通过建立数学模型 ,给出最佳乘车路线的设计方法 .本文的方法和结果可以应用在城市公共电脑服务系统中、公共线路的设计上、公交线路网络图的评价和改造上等 .     

模糊拓扑空间的m—收敛理论

本文在模糊拓扑空间中引进了模糊网和模糊滤子的ｍ－收敛概念，探讨了模糊网的ｍ－收敛与模糊滤子的ｍ－收敛之间的关系，得到了Ｈａｕｓｄｏｒｆｆ拓扑与模糊网的ｍ－收敛和模糊滤子的ｍ－收敛之间的关系以及刻画Ｈａｕｓｄｏｒｆｆ拓扑几何特征的定理。     

Transversal-Free Translation Nets

Translation planes of order q ² containing non-Desarguesian Baer subplanes are used to construct transversal-free translation nets with very small deficiencies. Also, a generalization of the ideas of Bruen shows that any non-Desarguesian spread in PG(3, q) produces a transversal-free net of small deficiency.     

The Conjugate Nets, Cartan Submanifolds, and Laplace Transformations in Space Forms

In this paper we establish the geometric theory of conjugate nets, Cartan submanifolds, and Laplace transformations in sphere and pseudo-sphere spaces. The corresponding theory in cases of projective and Euclidean spaces has been established by Chern, Kamran and Tenenblat.     

内部收益率法与净现值法的比较分析

大型建筑工程项目在进行投资方案经济评价时,通常采用内部收益法与净现值法,在某些情况下,这两种分析法的结论可能出现不一致性,本文对此进行了深入讨论,并阐述了如何根据投资项目的特点进行有针对性的选择应用,以供对建筑工程项目投资方案评价时参考。     

基于POT方法的极值理论在基金净值预测中的应用

为对基金净值数据进行建模,根据基金净值样本数据的尾部特点,建立极大,极小值分布的GPD模型,运用POT方法确定临界值,进而对参数进行估计,并对模型进行检验.最后,运用建立的模型对一些极值点进行预测.所得结果很好地描述了数据特点,对极值点的预测符合实际.     

A Sharp Condition for the Ground State of Difference Equation

This note is concerned with a novel inequality condition for the existence of ground states of partial difference systems. Our result is potentially applicable to the estimation of eigenvalues of the loaded strings and nets.     

On fuzzy almost continuous convergence in fuzzy function spaces

In this paper, we study the fuzzy almost continuous convergence of fuzzy nets on the set FAC(X, Y) of all fuzzy almost continuous functions of a fuzzy topological space X into another Y. Also, we introduce the notions of fuzzy splitting and fuzzy jointly continuous topologies on the set FAC(X, Y) and study some of its basic properties.