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51.
B. Misra 《Journal of statistical physics》1987,48(5-6):1295-1320
It is widely recognized that for highly unstable dynamical systems there exists a fundamental limitation on predictability and determinism. An important class of such highly unstable systems is the class of K-flow, which is further characterized by the existence of time-asymmetric objects in the form of K-partition. Our recent approach to the problem of irreversibility has shown that when the implications of the limitation on determinism arising from strong form of instability and those of the existence of K-partition are consistently taken into account, one is naturally led from the physically unrealizable deterministic evolution of phase points to an entropy-increasing stochastic Markovian evolution. Furthermore, this transition is not the result of extraneously imposed coarse graining and/or approximation schemes, but can be brought about by an invertible transformation whose existence and construction are determined by the nature of the instability of the dynamical system itself. After a brief review of this theory which also contains some relatively new remarks, we prove that classical Klein-Gordon field (both massive and massless) possess the structure of K-flow. This seems to provide the first examples of relativistic systems that are K-flows. Some of the implications of this result are briefly discussed. From a mathematical point of view, this seems to be a first step toward an ergodic theory of partial differential equations. In the process, we also provide an independant group-theoretic proof of the existence of incoming and outgoing subspaces of the scattering theory of Lax and Phillips for the wave equation. 相似文献
52.
For the weakly coupled lattice
3
6
theory in a hierarchical model approximation a nonperturbative renormalization group analysis in the spirit of Gawedzki and Kupiainen is performed to study the flow of the effective actions. We deduce a domain of attraction to the tricritical (Gaussian) fixed point. The two relevant coupling constants of the problem are controlled by analytic continuation to complex domains, tracing their images under the renormalization group iterations. 相似文献
53.
Composite membranes were prepared by (a) infiltrating NAFION with SiO2-P2O5-ZrO2 sol, and (b) recasting a film using NAFION solution containing SiO2-P2O5-ZrO2 sol. The membranes were characterized by Differential Thermal Analysis and ac-impedance spectroscopy as a function of relative humidity. The influences of the heat treatment (80°C–150°C) and cleaning on the electrical properties were investigated. The incorporation of SiO2-P2O5-ZrO2 gels into NAFION lead to improvements in its thermal stability and proton conductivity. 相似文献
54.
We extend our method of systematic removal of secular terms in a singular perturbation treatment of the Boltzmann equation with small Knudsen numbers to the initial layer. The requirement that the solution through the initial layer should connect smoothly to the normal solution removes an ambiguity noted in our previous paper. We show that removal of secular terms improves Grad's solution for the initial layer and reintroduces soundlike modes associated with higher moments, first found by Wang Chang and Uhlenbeck. 相似文献
55.
Enn Lust Gunnar Nurk Silvar Kallip Indrek Kivi Priit Möller 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2005,9(10):674-683
The analysis of the medium temperature half-cell Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9|70 wt% La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- (LSCO) + 30 wt % Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 (CGO) has been made by electrochemical impedance, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The shape of complex impedance plots depends on temperature and cathodic polarisation of the electrode. Nyquist (Z, Z-) plots were fitted by equivalent circuit taking into account the electrolyte properties (at very high frequencies), charge transfer process at grain boundaries (at high frequencies), and medium and low frequency O2 reduction process at the cathode surface and inside the porous cathode material. Two different time constants have been obtained for the cathode process, i.e. for electroreduction of oxygen. It was found that the addition of CGO into the cathode material (LSCO) only somewhat decreases the surface catalytic activity but the noticeably higher low-frequency resistance (i.e. mainly diffusion-like mass transfer resistance RD) values at lower temperatures have been calculated. It was found that the mainly bulk diffusion-limited process at T773 K deviates toward the kinetically mixed process (diffusion + charge transfer) with increasing temperature. 相似文献
56.
Treatment of (thd)H (thd=2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptandionate) with excess Os3(CO)12 in an autoclave at 180°C gives the formation of a brown metal chain complex [Os2(CO)5(thd)2]2 (1) and a yellow CO2 cluster complex [Os4(-H)(-CO2)(thd)(CO)13] (2) in low yields. Complex 2 was fully identified by a combination of spectroscopic methods and X-ray diffraction study, showing a unique CO2 ligand bridging a triosmium metal fragment, Os3(-H)(CO)10 and a monometallic osmium fragment, Os(CO)3(thd). Upon treatment of 1 with Me3NO at an elevated temperature, oxidation of the CO ligand occurred at the position trans to the unique CO2 ligand on the Os(CO)3(thd) fragment, giving the formation of a second CO2 cluster [Os4(-H)(-CO2)(thd)(CO)12(NCMe)] (3), which is stabilized by a weakly coordinated acetonitrile molecule. 相似文献
57.
Ab initio calculations on vinyldifluoroborane yield a -contribution of 23 kJ/mol (5.5 kcal/mol) mainly due to the C=C bond and not to the lone pairs of the fluorine atoms. The rotational barrier was also determined. The force field calculations favour the interpretation of the bond structure derived from the theab initio results. 相似文献
58.
ab initio Calculation of the Cl2C=CHOMe molecule has been carried out with geometrical optimization in the split valence basis set in the RHF/6-31G*//RHF/6-31G* approximation. An analysis of the populations of the p-orbitals of the Cl atoms implies the absence of p,-conjugation between the unshared electron pairs of these atoms and the -bond. The asymmetry parameters of the electric field gradient at the35Cl nuclei, calculated from the 3p-orbital populations of the Cl atoms, practically coincide with the experimental values.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2369–2372, December, 1995.The authors are grateful to G. S. Beloglazov for assistance in accomplishingab initio calculations. 相似文献
59.
Aggregated aromatic molecule--cyclodextrin-precipitant complexes exhibit long-lived phosphorescence at room temperature in water after the chemical binding of oxygen. The temperature dependences of the phosphorescence lifetimes of naphthalene-h8, naphthalene-de, and phenanthrene in the aggregates were measured. For example, the phosphorescence lifetimes of naphthalene-d8 aggregated with -cyclodextrin and cyclohexane are equal to 25.1, 17.6, and 6.8 s at 77, 276, and 347 K, respectively, and that of phenanthrene aggregated with isooctane and -cyclodextrin are 3.24, 3.06, and 1.26 s at 268, 274, and 335 K, respectively. The temperature dependences of the phosphorescence lifetimes at room temperature are determined by the rate constants of the radiative and nonradiative transitions from the triplet state of an aromatic molecule.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2225–2228, September, 1996. 相似文献
60.
Itsuo Furuoya 《Catalysis Surveys from Japan》1999,3(1):71-73
The vapor phase catalytic reaction between aromatic carboxylic acid and acetic acid was investigated. Many metal oxides catalyzed the reaction between 2methylbenzoic acid (OTA) and acetic acid (AA) to produce 2methylacetophenone (OMA), and weakly acidic oxides such as Th, U, Ce, and La oxide exhibited higher yield of OMA. The OMA yield depended on the catalyst support. SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2 with a surface area of less than 200 m2 g–1 appeared to be suitable as industrial catalyst supports. CeO2 on Al2O3was chosen as an industrial catalyst for the synthesis of OMA because of higher productivity, longer catalyst life, and lifting of legal restrictions on catalyst handling. This catalyst system can also be applied to the syntheses of acetophenone, nitroacetophenone, and chloroacetophenone. 相似文献