沟槽型硅微结构中子探测器的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究了微结构参数、填充致密度等因素对沟槽型微结构半导体中子探测器(MSND)性能的影响规律,并开展了沟槽型MSND的优化设计研究。研究表明,随着沟槽间距的增加,MSND的探测效率呈下降趋势;当沟槽间距固定时,存在最优的沟槽宽度使得探测效率最大化;沟槽深度越大,探测效率越高。沟槽宽度和沟槽间距为15μm和5μm是一对优化的参数组合,可保证较高的探测效率和较平稳的系统甄别阈-探测效率曲线。当系统甄别阈取300keV时,沟槽宽度、间距和深度分别为15,5μm和200μm时的MSND热中子本征探测效率可达37.77%,与平面探测器相比提高了9.2倍;对137 Cs源662keV伽马射线的中子-伽马射线甄别比可达4.1×103,与平面探测器相比提高了23.7倍。本工作从理论上证明了MSND可解决传统平面型半导体中子探测器探测效率低的难题,同时可保持半导体探测器中子-伽马射线甄别容易的特点。     

质子数Z 分别位于Ru 之上和之下的A~(100~126) 丰中子原子核三轴形变在原子核形状变迁和共存中的重要作用(英文)

基于Ru (Z = 44) 丰中子同位素中存在最大三轴形变的理论预言和实验证据,综述了近年来Rh (Z = 45),Pd (Z =46), Ag (Z =47), Cd (Z =48)(质子数Z 位于Ru,Z =44 之上)及Zr (Z =40), Nb (Z =41), Mo (Z =42),Tc (Z =43)(质子数Z 位于Ru,Z =44 之下) 的A~ (100~126) 丰中子同位素中关于三轴形变的形状变迁和形状共存系统性研究的重要进展。252Cf 自发裂变瞬发 射线-- 三重符合、特别是新建立的--- 四重符合数据的系统观测和研究,在Ru, Pd, Cd 和Nb 丰中子同位素中显著扩展或首次观测到了一系列能带,为这个核区原子核形状的研究提供了新的、重要的实验数据。联系此前报道的有关进展,使用PES, TRS, PSM, CCCSM 和SCTAC 理论模型计算拟合新的实验数据,在该核区沿同中素和同位素链,并随自旋和激发能变化各自由度,跟踪原子核形状渐进变化,获得了新的系统性研究成果,显著扩展和深化了人们对原子核形状变迁和形状共存的认知。对于Ru 及其上的Rh (Z = 45), Pd (Z = 46), Ag (Z = 47) 和Cd (Z = 48) 丰中子同位素的研究表明:Rh 丰中子核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ = 28°,并在103{106Rh 同位素链上鉴别出了手征对称破缺;在三轴形变核112Ru和114Pd(N = 68)中发现了三轴原子核的摆动运动,该摆动运动也可能在114Ru (N = 70)中存在;观察到了从具有最大三轴形变的110,112Ru 中手征破缺到稍小三轴形变的112,114,116Pd 中扰动的手征破缺的过渡;在较软的Ag 核中观察到了丰富的谱学结构,在104,105Ag 中鉴别出了可能的手征对称破缺,在较重的115,117Ag 中提出了趋于三轴形变的软度;具有小形变的Cd核的能级结构被解释为准粒子耦合、准转动和软三轴形变;最近的库伦激发的研究提供了Z = 50, N = 82满壳附近122,124,126Cd 核中出现核集体性的实验和理论证据;上述研究成果展现出从Ru中的最大三轴形变(γ=30°,三轴形变极小增益为0.67 MeV), 经具有大三轴形变的Rh核γ=28°),到Pd核中的稍小、但稳定于中等自旋到高自旋区的三轴形变(γ~41°,三轴形变极小增益为0.32 MeV),再经Ag核中的软度,最后到具有很小形变、但仍出现集体性质、包括软三轴形变的Cd核的过渡。对于Pd核转动带交叉系统性的研究揭示了其第一带交叉(νh_11/2)2 中子转动顺排的上行驱动,和第二带交叉(πg_9/2)2质子转动顺排的下行驱动效应,成功地解释了114Pd 中的三轴摆动运动,并给出了110-118Pd同位素链中理论早已预言、而比早期理论预言更为完整准确的形状渐进变迁和形状共存的图像。根据该核区的系统研究,发现最大三轴形变出现在112Ru,而在相邻的偶Z(Pd)同位素链,三轴形变极小的中心在114Pd, 两者均为N = 68。上述系统性研究沿相邻的Ru和Pd偶Z同位素链,在N =68同中素中鉴别出最大三轴形变,均比理论预言的108Ru 和110Pd 多4个中子。在Z值位于Ru (Z = 44) 之下的Zr (Z = 40), Nb (Z = 41), Mo (Z = 42) and Tc (Z = 43) 丰中子同位素中,Y和Zr核具有很强的轴对称四极形变,而在较重的Zr同位素中出现了自由度;较重的Nb核(A = 104~106) 基态具有中等程度的软三轴形变和强四极形变,随着自旋和激发能的增加,过渡到接近于轴对称的强四极形变;而较轻的Nb核(A≤103) 基态均接近轴对称形状;在Nb同位素链上基态由球形到强四极形变的形状突变发生在100Nb(N = 59),在100-106Nb同位素链中基态的软三轴形变随中子数增加而增加;在Nb核中还观察到关于软三轴形变的形状共存;Mo核具有大的三轴形变,观察到了振动和手征对称破缺;Tc核具有比最大值稍小的三轴形变,γ=26°,并观察到了手征对称破缺。质子数Z从41到48的A~(100~126)丰中子同位素,特别是Pd和Nb 同位素,呈现出关于三轴形变的过渡特征。This paper reviews the systematic investigations and understanding for the shape transitions and coexistence with regard to triaxial deformations in A s 100 to 126 neutron-rich Rh (Z = 45), Pd (Z = 46), Ag (Z = 47), Cd (Z = 48) and Zr (Z = 40), Nb (Z = 41), Mo (Z = 42), Tc (Z = 43) isotopes with Z beyond and below Ru (Z = 44), respectively, in Ru the maximal triaxial deformation having been predicted and deduced. The recent measurements and studies of prompt triple- and four-fold, γ-γ-γ and γ-γ-γ-γ, coincidence data from the spontaneous fission of 252Cf using Gammasphere have yielded considerable expansion and extension or first observation of the bands in Ru, Pd, Cd, and Nb isotopes,which provided important data for the studies of nuclear shapes in this region. Combined with previous investigations, recent systematic studies of the new data well reproduced by PES, TRS, PSM, CCCSM and SCTAC model calculations have traced shape changes along the isotonic and isotopic chains, respectively,and with changing excitations/spins as well, significantly expanding our knowledge of shape transitions/coexistence in nuclei.For the neutron-rich Ru and beyond, Rh, Pd, Ag and Cd isotopes, triaxial deformations γ= 28°,slightly smaller than the maximal value, were deduced in Rh (Z = 45) isotopes, with chiral symmetry breaking proposed in 103-106Rh; onset of wobbling motions were identified in 112Ru and 114Pd (N =68),and probably also in 114Ru (N =70); evolution from chiral symmetry breaking in 110,112Ru with maximal triaxial deformations to disturbed chirality in 112,114,116Pd with less pronounced triaxial deformations was proposed; rich nuclear structure was proposed in soft Ag isotopes with possible chiral doubling structure suggested in 104,105Ag, and softness towards triaxial deformation proposed in heavier 115,117Ag;quasi-particle couplings, quasi-rotations and soft triaxiality were suggested in Cd (Z =48) isotopes with small deformations; onset of collectivity was recently suggested in 122,124,126Cd in the vicinity of Z =50 and N = 82 closed shells by studies of Coulomb excitations; shape evolutions from maximal triaxial deformations in Ru (γ=30°, with triaxial minimum energy gain of 0.67 MeV), through Rh with large triaxial deformations ( γ=28°), to less pronounced triaxiality in Pd (with triaxial minimum energy gain of 0.32 MeV), then soft triaxiality in Ag, and finally to slightly deformed Cd isotopes but with emergence of collectivity and soft triaxiality were proposed. The systematic studies of the band crossings in Pd revealed up-rising drivings of the first band crossings caused by (νh_11/2)2 and down-sloping drivings of the second band crossings by (πg_9/2)2, explained the onset of wobbling motions in 114Pd,and showed a long-sought picture of shape evolution and coexistence in the Pd isotopic chain which is more complete but complex than earlier predictions. Based on the systematic studies in the mass region,maximal triaxial deformation is found to be reached in 112Ru and less-pronounced triaxiality centered at 114Pd, both for N =68, four neutrons more than predicted in earlier theoretical calculations.In the neutron-rich Zr (Z =40), Nb (Z =41), Mo (Z =42) and Tc (Z =43) isotopes with Z just below Ru, large quadrupole deformations of axially symmetric shapes were deduced in Y and Zr isotopes, with emergence of the degree of freedom having been suggested for heavier Zr isotopes; medium triaxial deformations were deduced for the ground states of heavier (A > 104) Nb isotopes, and, with increasing excitations and spins, evolution from medium triaxial deformations with strong quadrupole deformations at ground states to nearly axially-symmetric shapes were deduced; light Nb isotopes (A6103) have near axially-symmetric shapes with strong quadrupole deformations; combining with the identification of onset of strong quadrupole deformation at 100Nb in the Nb isotopic chain, an increase of soft triaxiality with increasing neutron number was proposed in 100-106Nb. Shape coexistence with regard to soft triaxiality is also proposed in Nb isotopes; large triaxial deformations, vibrations and chiral doublets were proposed in Mo isotopes; chiral doubling and large triaxial deformations (γ ~26°) slightly smaller than the maximal triaxiality were suggested in Tc isotopes.The neutron-rich nuclei with Z ranging from 41 through 48 and A ~100 to 126, especially the Pd and Nb isotopes are thus found to be transitional nuclei with regard to triaxiality.     

脉冲中子辐照在硅中引起缺陷的研究

研究了脉冲中子辐照的中子嬗变掺杂 (NTD)硅二极管中缺陷的形成及其退火特征 ,并与热中子辐照样品进行了比较。深能级瞬态谱仪 (DL TS)测量表明硅中主要存在五类电活性缺陷 :氧空位 E1(Ec- 0 .19e V) ,不同荷电态的双空位 E2 (Ec- 0 .2 8e V)和 E4 (Ec- 0 .4 0 e V) ,双空位与氧杂质相结合的络合物 E3 (Ec- 0 .31e V) ,以及与样品材料原生缺陷有关的辐照感生缺陷 E5(Ec- 0 .4 8e V)。实验结果表明 ,脉冲中子辐照由于其高的中子能量和辐照剂量率 ,导致复杂络合物的浓度高于简单缺陷浓度。进一步 4 0 0℃温度以下退火实验显示了缺陷的分解和重建过程     

单晶硅中氢与辐照缺陷的相互作用

对NTD氢区熔单晶硅进行了不同温度下等时退火,采用Hall电学方法测量了电阻率、迁移率随退火温度的变化规律.利用红外吸收技术测量了单晶硅氢区熔退火前后及NTD氢区熔单晶硅不同退火温度下与氢、辐照缺陷有关的红外振动吸收峰变化,对辐照缺陷的退火行为进行了探讨.实验证实NTD氢区熔单晶硅在150～650℃范围内等时退火具有显著特点:在500℃下退火,出现电阻率极小值,即出现浓度很高的过量浅施主;P型向N型转变温度为400℃,迁移率恢复温度为500℃,载流子恢复温度为600℃,均明显低于NTD氩区熔单晶硅转型温度及迁移率和载流子恢复温度,这与氢积极参与辐照缺陷相互作用直接相关.     

宝兴大理石矿的放射性检测

宝兴县境内的大理石资源以其白度高、储量丰、品质优、易开采而享誉中外。对四川省宝兴县陇东镇大理石矿区进行了放射性环境地质调查,通过对取回的大理石样品中226Ra、232Th、40K这3种核素的比活度的测定,根据比活度换算出这几种核素的外照射指数和内照射指数,把所得结果和中华人民共和国国家标准《建筑材料放射性核素限量》中规定的建筑性材料分类标准作对比后发现其内照射指数与外照射指数都符合《建筑材料放射性核素限量》中A类建筑材料和装饰材料的要求,它的产销与适用范围不受限制。     

^6LiF中子夹心谱仪的研制

中子能谱是反应堆中子场特征参数之一。核反应所产生的粒子总能量与引起反应的中子入射方向无关，因此核反应法测量中子能谱不要求预先准直中子，特别适合于测量非点源中子能谱。66LiF夹心谱具有体积小、时间响应快、结构简单、使用方便等特点，在堆芯能谱测量时对中子场扰动较小，因此被广泛用来测量快堆中子能谱。文中研制了^6LiF中子夹心谱仪。     

一个宽范围能响平坦的长中子计数器

由于对γ射线灵敏度低，而且可在很宽的范围内中子能量响应比较平坦，长计数管在中子产额的测量中得到了广泛的应用。为了提高探测效率，一般用BF3或^3He正比管外包围一定厚度的石蜡或聚乙烯慢化体来构成长计数管探测系统。建立的长计数器主要是针对中子管产生的DD（2．4MeV）或DT（14．1MeV）或两种能量混合的脉冲中子进行测量。为了达到探测系统设计要求，首先详细模拟了慢化体尺寸及结构对探测效率的影响，以便对探测器系统的加工制作提供依据。根据模拟结果建立了探测器，从实验上对探测器的性能进行了测量。     

核裂变中的Overshooting现象与中子多重性

本文采用扩散模型来讨论核裂变中的瞬态过程.研究结果表明在Kramers区域(T/E_f<1)和高温区域((T/E_f>1)瞬态过程的行为差别很大.高温区域瞬态过程中的Overshooting现象会使裂变几率增大,从而使通常认为的裂变速率的瞬态行为引起中子多重性增强效应在这一区域减弱甚至消失.     

天文学家确认宇宙中存在强磁中子星

 一个由美国航空航天局、亚拉巴马大学和荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学的科学家组成的国际研究小组在最新一期的《自然》杂志上撰文指出.