Analysis theory of random energy of train derailment in wind

Based on the analysis theory of random energy of train derailment, an analysis theory of random energy of train derailment in wind is suggested. Two methods are proposed -the time domain method and the frequency domain method of analysis theory of random energy of train derailment in wind. The curves of σ pw -v under various wind speeds are obtained through the computation. The original curve of σ p -v is expanded, which turns the analysis theory of random energy of train derailment into the all-weather theory. Train derailment condition has been established under wind action. The first and second criterions of train derailment have been proposed in light of wind action. The analysis of train derailment cases at home or abroad is made, in- cluding the first analysis of Xinjiang train derailment case encountered 13-level of gale, which explained the inevitability of train derailment. The analysis theory of random energy of train derailment in wind shows its validity and accuracy. The input energy σ pw of the transverse vibration of train-track(bridge)-wind system is linked to train speed. With the establishment of the analysis theory of random energy of train derailment in wind, It is likely to initiate an all-weather speed limit map for a train or any high-speed train.     

弹簧地基上大直径单桩海上风机的一阶自振频率

自振频率是海上风机前期动力设计的主要难点之一,计算精度要求极高,而桩-土相互作用对自振频率影响显著。目前,针对桩-土相互作用普遍采用弹簧地基简化模型,为对比分析不同弹簧地基简化模型的准确性和精度,本文采用回传射线矩阵法,建立固定端、单弹簧、双弹簧和三弹簧这4种地基简化模型,基于Bernoulli-Euler梁理论和Timoshenko梁理论,求解风机系统的自振频率,并与风机基频实测值作对比,进一步分析三弹簧简化地基模型中地基旋转刚度、地基耦合刚度和地基水平刚度对风机系统基频的影响。研究结果表明,桩-土相互作用不可忽略,三弹簧地基简化模型计算风机系统基频精度最高;地基刚度对风机系统基频的敏感性次序为,地基耦合刚度>地基旋转刚度>地基水平刚度;当地基旋转(水平)刚度较小时,地基耦合刚度与地基旋转(水平)刚度的耦合效应对风机系统的基频影响较大;地基耦合刚度与地基旋转刚度的耦合效应对风机系统基频的影响程度大于地基耦合刚度与地基水平刚度的耦合效应。     

第14届亚洲物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题与中国队学生实验能力分析

介绍了第14届亚洲物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题,并针对参赛学生在竞赛中的失分情况分析了竞赛评分规则,指出了实验数据处理方法中的重点和存在的问题。     

风速测量实验的设计与探究

基于电磁理论和空气动力学的相关知识,利用磁铁、金属棒和DISLAB传感器等器件设计并制作了风速测量系统,可准确地测量2-11级范围内的风速值.该装置还可作为演示电磁感应现象的设计型实验内容,实验过程中可加深学生对电磁感应现象的理解,并提高学生对matlab软件的应用能力.     

Characterising the near-wake of a cross-flow turbine

The performance and detailed near-wake characteristics of a vertical axis, cross-flow turbine (CFT) of aspect ratio 1 were measured in a large cross-section towing tank. The near-wake at one turbine diameter downstream was examined using acoustic Doppler velocimetry, where essential features regarding momentum, energy, and vorticity are highlighted. Dominant scales and their relative importance were investigated and compared at various locations in the measurement plane. Estimates for the terms in the mean streamwise momentum and mean kinetic energy equation were computed, showing that the unique mean vertical velocity field of this wake, characterised by counter-rotating swirling motion, contributes significantly more to recovery than the turbulent transport. This result sheds light on previous CFT studies showing relatively fast downstream wake recovery compared to axial-flow turbines. Finally, predictions from a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation with the commonly used actuator disk model were compared with the experimental results, evaluating its use as an engineering tool for studying flow in CFT arrays. Unsurprisingly, the model was not able to predict the near-wake structure accurately. This comparison highlights the need for improved parameterised engineering models to accurately predict the near-wake physics of CFTs.     

Simulation of the inherent turbulence and wake interaction inside an infinitely long row of wind turbines

The turbulence in the interior of a wind farm is simulated using large eddy simulation and the actuator line technique implemented in the Navier–Stokes equations. The simulations are carried out for an infinitely long row of turbines simulated by applying cyclic boundary conditions at the inlet and outlet. The simulations investigate the turbulence inherent to the wind turbines as no ambient turbulence or shear is added to this idealised case. The simulated data give insight into the performance of the wind turbines operating in the wake of others as well as details on key turbulent quantities. One of the key features of wakes behind wind turbines is the dynamic wake meandering, which is shown to be related to the wind turbine spacing and the vortex shedding from the turbine as a bluff body. The flow is analysed and reconstructed by applying proper orthogonal decomposition.     

On the scale-to-scale coupling between a full-scale wind turbine and turbulence

The scale-dependent response of an instrumented full-scale wind turbine is studied under neutrally stratified conditions. The analysis is focused on the linkage between the incoming flow, turbine power output and foundation strain. Wind speed, measured from sonic anemometers installed on a meteorological tower, and foundation strain were sampled at 20 Hz, while the turbine power was sampled at 1 Hz. A wavelet framework and structure function are used to obtain cross correlations among flow turbulence, turbine power and strain across scales as well as to quantify intermittent signatures in both flow and turbine quantities. Results indicate that correlation between the streamwise velocity component of the wind flow and turbine power is maximised across all scales larger than the rotor radius for wind measured at the turbine hub height. The characteristic time lag associated with maximum correlation is shown to be consistent with the Taylor’s hypothesis for turbulent scales smaller than the separation between the meteorological tower and the turbine. However, it decreases with increasing scale size and diminishes to zero at scales on the order of the boundary layer thickness. Turbine power and strain fluctuations exhibited practically the same behaviour at scales larger than two rotor diameters. At those scales, the cross correlation between these quantities resulted ～0.99 and remains still over 0.9 at the scale of rotor radius. Below this scale, the correlation decreases logarithmically with scale. The strong linkage between power and strain for all the relevant scales would eventually allow the analysis of dynamic forcing on the foundation based on the power output. Intermittency on the flow is shown to be transferred and amplified by the turbine, leading to highly intermittent power output.     

Interface effects in spin-polarized metal/insulator layered structures

Recent advances in thin-film deposition techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy and pulsed laser deposition, have allowed for the manufacture of heterostructures with nearly atomically abrupt interfaces. Although the bulk properties of the individual heterostructure components may be well-known, often the heterostructures exhibit novel and sometimes unexpected properties due to interface effects. At heterostructure interfaces, lattice structure, stoichiometry, interface electronic structure (bonding, interface states, etc.), and symmetry all conspire to produce behavior different from the bulk constituents. This review discusses why knowledge of the electronic structure and composition at the interfaces is pivotal to the understanding of the properties of heterostructures, particularly the (spin polarized) electronic transport in (magnetic) tunnel junctions.     

Magnetoresistance and spin-transfer torque in magnetic tunnel junctions

We comment on both recent progress and lingering puzzles related to research on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). MTJs are already being used in applications such as magnetic-field sensors in the read heads of disk drives, and they may also be the first device geometry in which spin-torque effects are applied to manipulate magnetic dynamics, in order to make non-volatile magnetic random access memory. However, there remain many unanswered questions about such basic properties as the magnetoresistance of MTJs, how their properties change as a function of tunnel-barrier thickness and applied bias, and what are the magnitude and direction of the spin-transfer-torque vector induced by a tunnel current.     

有限区域风场分解方法及其在台风SAOMEI研究中的应用

介绍了有限区域水平风场分解的调和-余弦计算方法,该方法把函数分成两部分之和.第一部分是Laplace方程在给定边界条件下的解,由于Laplace方程的解是调和函数,这个部分可称为调和部分,又因为其与区域内部值无关,也称外部部分.第二部分是原始函数与调和部分之差,这个函数是齐次边条件下Poisson方程的解,只与区域内部的涡度或散度有关,故称为内部部分,可以展开成双傅氏的余旋函数系列.调和-余弦计算方法的求导都是用谱系数进行,计算精度比常用的差分方法高两阶以上.而且,由于外部部分对应的边界条件物理意义清楚,边界光滑,成功克服了有限区域流函数和速度势迭代求解出现的计算不稳定、原始风场无法还原、边界上的系统缺失等问题,可以准确分解和重建有限区域的风场.利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的实时分析资料和日本气象厅区域谱模式(RSM)20km分辨率的再分析资料,利用调和-余弦算法得到的无辐散风分量和无旋风分量,对2006年的8号超强台风“桑美"(SAOMEI)进行风场结构的比较分析.结果发现,低层无辐散风比原始风场与台风中心的对应关系更好;同时,无旋风分量能更好地显示原始风场上并不明显的低层辐合高层辐散的特征,大尺度无辐散风分量可以更清晰地显示出台风的水汽输送通道.从与台风中心的对应关系看,台风在海上发展阶段,SAOMEI台风的旋转中心与辐合中心并不是时时重合,这个特点只能通过风场分解才能得到.此外,SAOMEI登陆以后,南部洋面上发展起来的对流活动从水汽和能量补充方面都不利于SAOMEI的维持.可见,分解后的无辐散风场和无旋风场能更清楚地体现出SAOMEI的风场结构,在台风结构分析中有重要的推广应用价值. 关键词： 台风 水平风场分解 调和-余弦算法