A computational study of gas flow in a De‐Laval micronozzle at different throat diameters

A numerical study has been carried out to investigate the gas flows in a micronozzle using a continuum model under both slip and no‐slip boundary conditions. The governing equations were solved with a finite volume method. The numerical model was validated with available experimental data. Numerical results of exit thrust showed good agreement with experimental data except at very low Reynolds numbers. For parametric studies on the effect of geometric scaling, the nozzle throat diameter was varied from 10 to 0.1 mm, whereas throat Reynolds number was varied from 5 to 2000. A correlation has also been developed to calculate the specific impulse at specified throat diameter and Reynolds number. The effect of different gases on the specific impulse of the nozzle, such as helium, nitrogen, argon and carbon dioxide, was also examined. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large-Scale Streamwise Vortices in the Supersonic Part of a Permeable Nozzle

Large-scale streamwise vortices in the vicinity of a perforated wall in the supersonic part of the nozzle are studied. The governing effect of gas inflow through a perforated wall on origination and parameters of streamwise vortices is experimentally established.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 68–75, September–October, 2005.     

任意长度喷管型面设计方法在气动激光器喷管设计中的应用

 将一种新的任意长度喷管型面设计（ALN）方法应用于气动激光器喷管型面设计,在相同的喷管出口设计马赫数、喷管喉部高度及喷管扩张段长度条件下,设计了4条ALN方法喷管型面,并和一条最短长度（MLN）喷管型面作对比,采用2维气动激光器增益场仿真方法对5个喷管的小信号增益场进行仿真。计算结果表明:ALN方法可以有效地实现增益场分布的控制,选择合理的设计参数得到的喷管长度比MLN喷管更短,小信号增益更大。     

The Dirichlet problem for non‐divergence parabolic equations with discontinuous in time coefficients in a wedge

We consider the Dirichlet problem in a wedge for parabolic equation whose coefficients are measurable function of t. We obtain coercive estimates in weighted ‐spaces. The concept of “critical exponent” introduced in the paper plays here the crucial role. Various important properties of the critical exponent are proved. We give applications to the Dirichlet problem for linear and quasi‐linear non‐divergence parabolic equations with discontinuous in time coefficients in cylinders , where Ω is a bounded domain with an edge or with a conical point.     

顶端受集中力偶或表面受均匀载荷的圆柱型正交各向异性楔:佯谬的解决

对楔顶角为２α的圆柱型正交各向异性楔，其顶端受集中力偶的经典解当α满足ｔｇλα＝λα（λ＝（ａ６６＋２ａ１２＋２ａ１１）／ａ１１，ａ６６、ａ１２、ａ１１为弹性常数）时，应力成为无穷大；其表面受均匀载荷的经典解当α满足ｓｉｎλα＝０（对称变形）或ｔｇλα＝λα（反对称变形）时，也有同样问题。这二个佯谬均由文中利用叠加齐次解的方法解决     

On the choice of approximations in direct problems of nozzle design

Two problems are considered: the design of a supersonic nozzle with a uniform exit characteristic and the design of a subsonic nozzle part with a plane (straight) sonic line in the minimum cross section. It is shown how the choice of a nozzle profile approximation affects the direct solutions to variational gas dynamics problems. The nozzle profile is described by polynomials or splines (quadratic, cubic, rational). The varied variables are the profile’s expansion coefficients in terms of basis functions or the parameters to be interpolated. It is shown that a priori information on the monotonicity of the desired profile improves the efficiency of the solution.     

压电材料中切口/接头端部平面电弹性场奇异性有限元分析

为了对平面载荷作用下压电材料中切口或接头端部附近电弹性场奇异性问题进行分析，首先以应力平衡方程、Maxwell方程和和边界条件为基础，得到一种求解压电材料特征问题的弱式方程；其次，假定楔形切口或接头端部附近单元内位移和电势沿径向分布为指数形式，而周向方向分布则采用泡函数插值，将其代入弱式方程，建立一种只需对楔形切口或接头端部附近周边进行离散的一维简单有限元方法．压电材料的极化轴可以是任意方向．利用该有限元模型讨论了楔形切口角度、极化轴方向和边界条件对奇性场的影响．通过和其它特定情况下的现有解相比，证实了该文有限元数值方法的有效性，而且精度很高．     

各向异性两相材料尖劈奇性场的非协调元分析

提出了一个基于位移的、分析柱状各向异性两相材料尖劈端部邻域的奇性位移场和应力场问题的非协调元特征分析法. 该方法从柱状扇区的散度定理出发，将柱状扇区控制方程的弱式化为一个与虚功原理相同形式的方程，采用一种新的非协调元技术把所导出的``虚功原理'转化为标准一阶特征方程的求解问题. 非协调元法中，尖劈端部邻域的位移场假定没有采用奇异变换技术，有限元的单元形式是一维的. 将柱状各向异性两相材料尖劈视为``广义平面应变'问题，位移场与坐标z无关，只关注界面端的幂奇异性而不考虑对数奇异性. 运用该方法给出了柱状各向异性两相材料尖劈端部奇性应力指数、奇性位移角分布和应力角分布的算例. 所有的计算结果表明，该方法使用的单元少而且精度较高.     

EFFECTS OF DISLOCATION CONFIGURATION, CRACK BLUNTING AND FREE SURFACES ON THE TRIGGERING LOAD OF DISLOCATION SOURCES

The effects of dislocation configuration,crack blunting and free surfaces on the triggering load of dislocation sources in the vicinity of a crack or a wedge tip subjected to a tensile load in the far field are investigated.An appropriate triggering criterion for dislocation sources is proposed by considering the configurational forces acting on each dislocation.The triggering behaviors of dislocation sources near the tips of a crack and a wedge are compared.It is also found that the blunting of crack tip and the presence of free surfaces near the crack or the wedge have considerable influences on the triggering load of dislocation sources.This study might be of significance to gaining a deeper understanding of the brittle-to-ductile transition of materials.     

ANALYSIS OF AN INCOMPRESSIBLE RUBBER WEDGE CONTACTING WITH A RIGID NOTCH

I. INTRODUCTION It is well known that rubber materials are much more important in modern society. It is, therefore,not surprising that a sizable number of investigations have been concerned with the rubber materials.Considerable attention has been paid …