激光尾流场的2.5维粒子模拟

 用2D3V PIC粒子模拟方法分析了超短脉冲超强激光在稀薄等离子体中激发尾流场的产生过程及电子在尾流场中的加速过程。“前向Raman散射”使得激光脉冲沿传播方向拉长，脉冲的尾部变陡，它导致静电场的相速度和饱和时超热电子的最大动能明显减小，也使得激发尾流场的最佳脉冲宽度变小。     

尾流效应对快速双原子分子离子在固体中电荷态及分子轴取向的影响

研究了快速双原子分子离子在固体中穿行时,尾流效应对各离子电荷态以及库仑爆炸过程的影响.借助于线性介电响应理论和局域介电函数,离子之间的动力学相互作用势可以表示成对称的屏蔽库仑势和非对称的尾势.通过对分子离子上所有束缚电子的总能量进行变分和求解单个离子的运动方程,自洽地确定出分子离子中每个离子的电荷态.数值结果表明,由于尾流效应的影响,在初始穿行阶段,分子离子中导航离子的电荷数随穿行深度的增加而单调递增,而尾随离子的电荷数则随穿行深度的增加而振荡.但当穿行深度很大时,两个离子的电荷数都趋于具有相同速度的孤立离子的电荷数.此外,还发现分子轴的取向朝入射速度方向偏转     

直线感应加速器加速腔物理设计与研究

简要介绍直线感应加速器（ＬＩＡ）加速腔物理设计的几个关键问题．讨论了加速电压及其平顶和腔参数的关系．对腔的耦合阻抗与束流不稳定性的关系作了概念性介绍，分析了降低耦合阻抗的途径．并给出两个加速腔设计原型．     

Numerical prediction of a turbulent curved wake and comparison with experimental data

Numerical studies of the curved wake of a NACA 0012 airfoil of chord length 0.150 m are presented. The airfoil is placed in air at 10 m/s in the straight section of a duct of 0.457 m × 0.457 m cross‐section followed by a 90° bend with a mean radius‐to‐height ratio of 1.17. The trailing edge is located at one chord length upstream of the bend entry plane. The authors' own measurements are used to define the boundary conditions and for comparison with the predicted results. The numerical models are based on the time‐averaged, three‐dimensional conservation equations of fluid flow, incorporating the k–ε, RNG k–ε, realizable k–ε and the Reynolds stress turbulence models. The results show that the models are capable of predicting the effects of curvature on the wake development. However, quantitative differences between prediction and experiment exist. The results obtained using the Reynolds stress model show better agreement with the experimental data, compared with the k–ε based models, but not consistently for all parameters. There are also better predictions by the RNG k–ε and realizable k–ε models compared with the standard k–ε model. The predicted results using the RNG k–ε are closer to experimental data than the realizable k–ε. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electro–magnetic control of shear flow over a cylinder for drag reduction and lift enhancement

In this paper, the electro-magnetic control of a cylinder wake in shear flow is investigated numerically. The effects of the shear rate and Lorentz force on the cylinder wake, the distribution of hydrodynamic force, and the drag/lift phase diagram are discussed in detail. It is revealed that Lorentz force can be classified into the field Lorentz force and the wall Lorentz force and they affect the drag and lift forces independently. The drag/lift phase diagram with a shape of ＂8＂ consists of two closed curves, which correspond to the halves of the shedding cycle dominated by the upper and lower vortices respectively. The free stream shear （K 〉 0） induces the diagram to move downward and leftward, so that the average lift force directs toward the downside. With the upper Lorentz force, the diagram moves downwards and to the right by the field Lorentz force, thus resulting in the drag increase and the lift reduction, whereas it moves upward and to the left by the wall Lorentz force, leading to the drag reduction and the lift increase. Finally the diagram is dominated by the wall Lorentz force, thus moving upward and leftward. Therefore the upper Lorentz force, which enhances the lift force, can be used to overcome the lift loss due to the free stream shear, which is also obtained in the experiment.     

Experimental measurement and modeling study for estimation of wax disappearance temperature

Wax deposition is a frequent problem in oil pipelines and down-stream industries. Correct prediction of wax formation conditions is required to prevent this phenomenon. In this study, wax appearance temperature (WAT) of 12 Iranian oil and condensate samples were measured using viscometry data and differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Also, a new empirical correlation and intelligent artificial neural network (ANN) model were developed to estimate wax disappearance temperature (WDT) of crude oils. Specific gravity, pressure, and molecular weight of oil sample were used as input variables for these models. The ANN model was trained using different hidden neurons and training algorithms. Experimental measurements studies were used for validation of the new correlation. Comparing the results indicated that the ANN model has 0.27% error while most thermodynamic models have an average error of 0.35% to 2.19%. Also, the proposed correlation can predict WDT with good accuracy and minimum input data. Results show that this correlation has a maximum error of 1.16% for 310 published experimental data and 1.19% for 9 Iranian samples.     

缘线匹配对非定常流动影响初探

为深化缘线匹配对叶轮机非定常流动影响的认识,本文以关注尾迹撞击叶表展向轨迹为出发点,围绕缘线匹配对叶轮机非定常流动及性能影响进行了初步数值探索.研究表明:不同缘线匹配时叶片整体性能参数具有不同的脉动水平;给定缘线匹配下,整体性能参数脉动幅值随工况几乎不变或变化很缓;在设计点为达到降低某种脉动目的而实施的缘线匹配在非设计点同样有效;尽管微弱,数值模拟中还发现缘线匹配对上游尾迹随流掺混产生影响;缘线匹配严重影响时均相关项量值水平,尤其在叶尖、叶根和前缘附近.     

Effect of gap flow on the shallow wake of a sharp-edged bluff body – mean velocity fields

This experimental study was carried out to investigate the turbulent shallow wake generated by a vertical sharp-edged flat plate suspended in a shallow channel flow with a gap near the bed. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of the gap flow on the wake by studying two different gap heights between the channel bed and the bottom edge of the bluff body. These two cases will be compared to the no-gap case which is considered as a reference case. The maximum flow velocity was 0.45 m/s and the Reynolds number based on the water depth was 45,000. Extensive measurements of the flow field in the vertical mid-plane and in the horizontal near-bed, mid-depth, and near-surface planes were made using particle image velocimetry. This paper is part of an extensive study to characterise the gap-flow effects and is primarily concerned with the mean velocity fields, while a companion paper discusses the turbulence characteristics. The size of the wake identified in the horizontal planes is found to vary in the three planes, where the gap flow enhances the entrainment in the near-wake region in the near-bed velocity field. The results also revealed that, if the gap flow is weak, it is engulfed by the recirculation zone formed just behind the bluff body whose axis is perpendicular to the vertical mid-plane. On the other hand, if the gap flow is relatively strong, it penetrates in the downstream direction and only a portion of it is diverted upward to feed the recirculation zone.     

Effect of gap flow on the shallow wake of a sharp-edged bluff body – turbulence parameters

This experimental study was carried out to investigate the turbulent wake generated by a vertical sharp-edged flat plate suspended in a shallow channel flow with a gap near the bed. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of the gap flow on the turbulent wake by studying two different gap heights between the channel bed and the bottom edge of the bluff body. These two cases were compared to the no-gap case which is considered as a reference case. The maximum flow velocity was 0.45 m/s and the Reynolds number based on the water depth was 45,000. Extensive measurements of the flow field in the vertical mid-plane and in the horizontal near-bed, mid-depth, and near-surface planes were made using particle-image velocimetry (PIV). This paper is the second part of an extensive study to characterise the gap-flow effects and is primarily focused on the mean and instantaneous turbulence quantities as well as coherent structures.

The results revealed that the gap flow increased the transfer of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) from the streamwise to the vertical component along the vertical mid-plane. In addition, there is a corresponding increase and spread of the transverse component in the transverse direction as the flow evolves in the downstream direction. The momentum exchange by the Reynolds stress is significantly weak in the vertical mid-plane particularly in the lower half of the water depth, but the gap flow enhanced the momentum exchange in the upper half of the water depth by up to 1% of the freestream velocity squared. Furthermore, the intensity and bursting direction of the turbulence fluctuations in the far field are also affected by the gap flow when it is large. Furthermore, the proper orthogonal decomposition results revealed that the flow contains a large number of structures, and their interactions are responsible for deforming and/or tearing apart the structures, and transferring fluid throughout the velocity field.     

弹体尾部轴对称干扰流场数值模拟

绕弹体的超声速气流与发动机喷流相互作用,在尾部形成复杂的干扰流场。本文用有限差分法求解全N-S方程,对这一复杂流场进行了数值模拟,得到了实验观察到的各种流场结构及其随喷口压力比的变化规律。外流M_∞=1.94,R_e∞=2.2×10⁵,喷流M_j=3.0,喷口压力比p_j/p_∞分别为1.03,0.527,0.15三种。差分算法为一种改进的Beam-Warming格式。计算底部压力和激波在喷流中心的反射位置与实验数据进行了比较,吻合较好。