被动多轴差分吸收光谱技术监测大气NO_2垂直廓线研究

痕量气体垂直廓线的监测,对大气污染研究具有重要意义。介绍了被动多轴差分吸收光谱(MAX-DOAS)技术监测痕量气体垂直廓线的光学遥感方法。研究中MAX-DOAS测量多个角度的斜柱浓度、结合大气辐射传输模型,利用最优估算法反演出痕量气体垂直廓线,并对最优估算法参数选取和反演评估进行了详细描述。将该技术应用于合肥地区NO2垂直廓线的监测:通过与长光程差分吸收光谱仪的测量结果对比,相关系数达到0.80。该技术为大气环境立体监测提供了一种简便的方法。     

The characterization of column heating effect in nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (nanoLC‐MS)–based proteomics

Column heating strategy is often applied in nano–high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometer (nanoHPLC‐MS) platform for enhancing the analytical efficiency of peptides or proteins. Nonetheless, the influence effects of column heating in peptides or proteins identification still lack of deep understanding. In this study, a systematic comparison of room temperature (RT) and column heating of nanoHPLC was done. Based on the data, under column heating condition, the backpressure of nanoHPLC can be decreased. Due to the increase of resolution, the peak widths of precursor ion were narrowed. As a result, in MS/MS data acquisition part, more time was spared for MS1 detecting and MS2 fragmenting, which eventually resulted in increased identification of peptides and proteins. Moreover, we also proposed the application scope of column heating by evaluating its influence on sample detection. On one hand, column heating significantly increased the identification of membrane proteins due to more efficient elution of highly hydrophobic peptides compared with RT. On the other hand, heating was not suitable for analyzing short or/and hydrophilic peptides with low retention time, which would be eluted out during sample loading process under high temperature and missed by mass spectrometric detection. In conclusion, our study provides a reference for rational application of column heating in proteomics research.     

Recent developments of monolithic and open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography (2017–2019)

Capillary electrochromatography, which combined the high selectivity of high‐performance liquid chromatography and the high separation efficiency of capillary electrophoresis, is an attractive separation tool. In this review, the developments on monolithic and open tubular capillary electrochromatography during 2017 to August 2019 are summarized. Considering the development of novel stationary phases is the most active research field in capillary electrochromatography, monolithic capillary electrochromatography is classified according to the polymer‐based and hybrid monolithic columns, while open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography is categorized by cyclodextrin, silica, polymer, nanomaterials, microporous materials, and biomaterials‐based open tubular columns.     

A novel two‐dimensional preparative chromatography method designed for the separation of traditional animal Tibetan medicine Osteon Myospalacem Baileyi

Animal medicine is an important part in traditional Tibetan medicine. However, information about the chemical composition of animal medicine is very limited, and there is a lack of comprehensive chromatographic purification methods. In the present work, animal medicine Osteon Myospalacem Baileyi was taken as an example and a novel two‐dimensional preparative chromatographic method was established for the preparation of single compounds with high purity from the extract of Osteon Myospalacem Baileyi. The first‐dimension preparation was carried on a DAISO Silica prep column, and ten fractions were obtained from the 112.3 g crude sample within 12 injections. A diol prep column used in nonaqueous mobile phase was selected for the second‐dimension preparation. The purity of the compounds isolated from the crude extract was >98%, which indicated that the method built in this work was efficient to manufacture single compounds of high purity from the extract of Osteon Myospalacem Baileyi. Additionally, this method showed great potential in the purification of weakly polar chemicals and it could act as a good example in the purification of other traditional animal medicines.     

基于量子点增敏化学发光同时测定尿液中的亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐

采用铜镉柱还原硝酸盐,与CdTe量子点增敏过氧亚硝酸-碳酸钠体系的化学发光信号相结合,开发了快速在线同时分析亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的新方法.对流动注射、化学发光等实验参数条件进行优化,在Na2CO3的浓度为0.2 M、H2O2的浓度为0.03 M、Na2EDTA的浓度为1×10-3 M、CdTe量子点粒径为2.84 nm的条件下,过氧亚硝酸-碳酸钠体系可以获得最优的化学发光信号.该方法检测亚硝酸盐的线性范围为0.3~75μM,检测限可达0.12μM,其相对标准偏差为1.9%;硝酸盐的线性范围为1.0~100μM,检测限可达0.26μM,其相对标准偏差为1.5%.此方法无需衍生和分离,可以实现同时、准确、快速和高选择性地检测人体尿液中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的含量,回收率分别为94%~105%和96.6%~110.4%.     

考虑订单合并和货物转运的多式联运路径优化研究

为了获得运输的规模经济效应,本文研究了一种考虑订单合并和货物转运的零担多式联运路径优化问题。首先,以总运输成本为目标函数,以网络中的运输工具容量、可以提供的运输工具最大数量、运输工具服务的关闭时间以及订单时间窗为约束,构建混合整数规划模型,在模型中允许多个订单进行合并运输并考虑运输过程中的转运成本。其次,由于多式联运路径优化问题是典型的NP-hard问题,为了快速求解该模型,开发了一种可以快速为该问题提供近似最优解和下界的列生成启发式算法。最后,生成并测试了大量算例,结果表明所开发的列生成启发式算法可以在较短的时间内提供高质量的近似最优解。文章所构建的模型和开发的列生成启发式算法可以为零担自营多式联运物流企业提供高效的决策支持。     

Deformation and regimes of liquid column during water exit of a partially submerged sphere using the front-tracking lattice Boltzmann method

When a solid sphere exits water at a given velocity, the liquid column is pulled out of a liquid reservoir. The present study focuses on the dynamic deformation of the liquid column and on the identification of the liquid column regime on the Weber number and dimensionless time (We-t*) map. The three-dimensional model of water exit has been established on the basis of the lattice Boltzmann method. A mass tracking algorithm was incorporated to capture the free surface, where the liquid–gas​ two-phase flow is simplified to a single-phase free surface flow. The surface tension is included by adding a perturbation term and the gravity as a body force is introduced in form of calculating the equilibrium distribution with an altered velocity. The contact angle condition in numerical simulation is not considered. The accuracy of the numerical results is demonstrated through the comparisons with the prior numerical and the experimental results in the literature. A parametric study has been conducted numerically on the radius and volume and of liquid column. Besides, the relationship between the pinch-off time of a liquid column and the Froude number has been obtained. Moreover, the evolution of the liquid column shape with a wide range of the Weber number and time scales are discussed based on the number of ligaments and droplets. The liquid column exhibits different characteristics and has been divided into three regimes. The transition between different regimes has been analyzed and the critical Weber number is given.     

表面液晶-垂直腔面发射激光器阵列的热特性

液晶与垂直腔面发射半导体激光器(VCSELs)阵列结合可实现波长可调谐、偏振精确控制等,同时液晶的引入也会改变垂直腔面发射半导体激光器阵列的热特性,本文设计了表面液晶-垂直腔面发射激光器阵列结构,并开展了阵列的热特性实验研究.对比分析了向列相液晶层对VCSEL阵列热特性的影响,实验结果表明,1×1,2×2,3×3三种表面液晶-VCSEL阵列的阈值电流温度变化率最高可降低23.6%,热阻降低26.75%;同时,激光器阵列各发光单元之间的温度均匀性显著提高,出光孔与周围温差小于0.5℃.综上所述,VCSEL阵列中液晶层的引入不仅大大加速激光器阵列单元热量扩散,而且降低了有源区结温,提高了VCSELs激光器阵列热特性,为实现高光束质量的单偏振波长可控VCSEL激光器阵列打下了良好的理论和实验基础.     

基于激光阵列的多通道微梁生化传感系统

针对单微悬臂梁生化检测系统中存在的温度漂移、溶液折射率变化等环境噪声影响和不能多目标检测等问题,设计制作了一种基于垂直腔面射型激光器阵列(VCSELs)的新型微悬臂梁阵列生化传感系统。利用双透镜组光路汇聚激光器阵列发出的激光束,依次照射到微悬臂梁阵列尖端进行精确定位扫描,实现了5根微悬臂梁变形信号的同步检测。该系统具有灵敏度高、一致性好、检测快速等优点。通过升降温动态实验测试,验证了该系统的稳定可靠性。上述结果为微悬臂梁阵列式生化传感技术的开展提供了一种新的方法和平台。     

An Information-Theoretic Analysis of the Cost of Decentralization for Learning and Inference under Privacy Constraints

In vertical federated learning (FL), the features of a data sample are distributed across multiple agents. As such, inter-agent collaboration can be beneficial not only during the learning phase, as is the case for standard horizontal FL, but also during the inference phase. A fundamental theoretical question in this setting is how to quantify the cost, or performance loss, of decentralization for learning and/or inference. In this paper, we study general supervised learning problems with any number of agents, and provide a novel information-theoretic quantification of the cost of decentralization in the presence of privacy constraints on inter-agent communication within a Bayesian framework. The cost of decentralization for learning and/or inference is shown to be quantified in terms of conditional mutual information terms involving features and label variables.