六角星形MoSe_2双层纳米片的制备及其光致发光性能

采用化学气相沉积法,以三氧化钼作为钼源,硒粉作为硒源,在H_2/Ar气氛下生长出硒化钼纳米片.扫描电镜、X射线衍射表征结果表明,MoSe_2产物呈六角星状,横向尺寸约10μm,具有很好的晶体质量和结构.拉曼光谱表征其结构,确定其为双层纳米片.研究表明,高温反应时间对双层纳米片的生长具有重要的影响.通过对双层纳米片的生长机理的探究,推测其经历了3个生长过程:在高温下,Mo源和Se源被气化成气态分子并发生硒化反应形成晶核;晶核呈三角形外延生长;当反应时间持续增加,在空间位阻效应的影响下,晶体以中心原子岛为核,外延耦合生长出第二层三角形,最终形成六角星状双层纳米片.光致发光光谱结果表明,六角星状MoSe_2双层纳米片在1.53 eV处具有直接带隙和1.78 eV处具有间接带隙,其较宽范围的激发光谱响应预测其在光电探测器件领域具有潜在的应用前景.     

Use of molecular beams for kinetic measurements of chemical reactions on solid surfaces

In this review we survey the contributions that molecular beam experiments have provided to our understanding of the dynamics and kinetics of chemical interactions of gas molecules with solid surfaces. First, we describe the experimental details of the different instrumental setups and approaches available for the study of these systems under the ultrahigh vacuum conditions and with the model planar surfaces often used in modern surface-science experiments. Next, a discussion is provided of the most important fundamental aspects of the dynamics of chemical adsorption that have been elucidated with the help of molecular beam experiments, which include the development of potential energy surfaces, the determination of the different channels for energy exchange between the incoming molecules and the surface, the identification of adsorption precursor states, the understanding of dissociative chemisorption, the determination of the contributions of corrugation, steps, and other structural details of the surface to the adsorption process, the effect to molecular steering, the identification of avenues for assisting adsorption, and the molecular details associated with the kinetics of the uptake of adsorbates as a function of coverage. We follow with a summary of the work directed at the determination of kinetic parameters and mechanistic details of surface reactions associated with catalysis, mostly those promoted by late transition metals. This discussion we initiate with an overview of what has been learned about simple bimolecular reactions such as the oxidation of CO and H₂ with O₂ and the reaction of CO with NO, and continue with the review of the studies of more complex systems such as the oxidation of alcohols, the conversion of organic acids, the hydrogenation and isomerization of olefins, and the oxidative activation of alkanes under conditions of short contact times. 6 Reactions on supported nanoparticles: Materials gap, 7 Low-probability reactions: Pressure gap of this review deal with the advances made in the use of molecular beams with more realistic models for catalysis, using surfaces comprised of metal nanoparticles dispersed on the oxide surfaces used as catalyst support and high-flux beams to approach the pressures used in catalysis. The next section deals with the study of systems associated with fields other than catalysis, mainly with the etching and oxidation of semiconductor surfaces and with the chemistry used to grow thin solid films by chemical means (chemical vapor deposition, CVD, or atomic layer deposition, ALD). We end with a personal assessment of the past accomplishments, present state, and future promise of the use of molecular beams for the study of the kinetics of surface reactions relevant to practical applications.     

Mechanisms of Resonant Infrared Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation

For the last decade, a variant of pulsed laser ablation, Resonant-Infrared Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (RIR-MAPLE), has been studied as a deposition technique for organic and polymeric materials. RIR-MAPLE minimizes photochemical damage from direct interaction with the intense laser beam by encapsulating the polymer in a high infrared-absorption solvent matrix. This review critically examines the thermally-induced ablation mechanisms resulting from irradiation of cryogenic solvent matrices by a tunable free electron laser (FEL). A semi-empirical model is used to calculate temperatures as a function of time in the focal volume and determine heating rates for different resonant modes in two model solvents, based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the phase transitions induced in the solvent matrices. Three principal ablation mechanisms are discussed, namely normal vaporization at the surface, normal boiling, and phase explosion. Normal vaporization is a highly inefficient polymer deposition mechanism as it relies on collective collisions with evaporating solvent molecules. Diffusion length calculations for heterogeneously nucleated vapor bubbles show that normal boiling is kinetically limited. During high-power pulsed-FEL irradiation, phase explosion is shown to be the most significant contribution to polymer deposition in RIR-MAPLE. Phase explosion occurs when the target is rapidly heated (10⁸ to 10¹⁰ K/s) and the solvent matrix approaches its critical temperature. Spontaneous density stratification (spinodal decay) within the condensed metastable phase leads to rapid homogeneous nucleation of vapor bubbles. As these vapor bubbles interconnect, large pressures build up within the condensed phase, leading to target explosions and recoil-induced ejections of polymer to a near substrate. Phase explosion is a temperature (fluence) threshold-limited process, while surface evaporation can occur even at very low fluences.     

Growth and properties of wide spectral white light emitting diodes

Wide spectral white light emitting diodes have been designed and grown on a sapphire substrate by using a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system. Three quantum wells with blue-light-emitting, green-light-emitting and red-light-emitting structures were grown according to the design. The surface morphology of the film was observed by using atomic force microscopy. The films were characterized by their photoluminescence measurements. X-ray diffraction θ/2θ scan spectroscopy was carried out on the multi-quantum wells. The secondary fringes of the symmetric ω/2θ X-ray diffraction scan peaks indicate that the thicknesses and the alloy compositions of the individual quantum wells are repeatable throughout the active region. The room temperature photoluminescence spectra of the structures indicate that the white light emission of the multi-quantum wells is obtained. The light spectrum covers 400-700 nm, which is almost the whole visible light spectrum.     

GaAs光电阴极激活时Cs的吸附效率研究

从NEA GaAs光电阴极的激活光电流曲线发现,当系统真空度不很高时,在首次Cs激活阶段,表面掺杂浓度较低的阴极材料,其光电流产生需要的时间也较长.同时,随着系统真空度的提高,这种时间上的差异又变得不再明显.该现象表明,Cs原子在阴极表面的吸附效率同表面层掺杂浓度以及系统真空度之间有直接的联系.为定量分析这种关系,本文根据实验数据建立了Cs在阴极表面吸附效率的数学模型,利用该模型仿真的结果同实验现象非常符合.该研究对进一步开展变掺杂阴极结构设计和制备工艺研究具有重要的价值和意义. 关键词： GaAs光电阴极 吸附效率 真空度 表面掺杂浓度     

The effects of sapphire nitridation on GaN growth by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition

In situ optical reflectivity measurements are employed to monitor the GaN epilayer growth process above a low-temperature GaN buffer layer on a c-plane sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition. It is found that the lateral growth of the GaN islands and their coalescence are promoted in the initial growth stage if optimized nitridation time and temperature are selected when the substrate is pre-exposed to ammonia. As confirmed by atomic force microscopy observations, the quality of the GaN epilayers is closely dependent on the surface morphology of the nitridated buffer layer, especially grain size and nucleation density.     

Dissipation of a two-mode squeezed vacuum state in the single-mode amplitude damping channel

We explore how a two-mode squeezed vacuum state sechθ e^{a+b+ tanh θ} |00> evolves when it undergoes a singlemode amplitude dissipative channel with rate of decay κ. We find that in this process not only the squeezing parameter decreases, tanh θ → e^-κt tanh θ, but also the second-mode vacuum state evolves into a chaotic state exp{b⁺bln[1 - e^-2κt tanh² θ]}. The outcome state is no more a pure state, but an entangled mixed state.     

The asymptotic limits of Riemann solutions for the isentropic drift-flux model of compressible two-phase flows

The formation of vacuum state and delta shock wave are observed and studied in the limits of Riemann solutions for the one-dimensional isentropic drift-flux model of compressible two-phase flows by letting the pressure in the mixture momentum equation tend to zero. It is shown that the Riemann solution containing two rarefaction waves and one contact discontinuity turns out to be the solution containing two contact discontinuities with the vacuum state between them in the limiting situation. By comparison, it is also proved rigorously in the sense of distributions that the Riemann solution containing two shock waves and one contact discontinuity converges to a delta shock wave solution under this vanishing pressure limit.     

First nucleation steps during deposition of SiO2 thin films by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition

The initial nucleation stages during deposition of SiO₂ by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) have been monitored by XPS inelastic peak shape analysis. Experiments have been carried out on two substrates, a flat ZrO₂ thin film and a silicon wafer with a native silicon oxide layer on its surface. For the two substrates it is found that PECVD SiO₂ grows in the form of islands. When the SiO₂ particles reach heights close to 10 nm they coalesce and cover completely the substrate surface. The particle formation mechanism has been confirmed by TEM observation of the particles grown on silicon substrates. The kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of the nucleation and growth of the SiO₂ particles has shown that formation of islands is favoured under PECVD conditions because the plasma species may reach the substrate surface according to off-perpendicular directions. The average energy of these species is the main parameter used to describe their angular distribution function, while the reactivity of the surface is another key parameter used in the simulations.