Small‐angle scattering of polychromatic X‐rays: effects of bandwidth,spectral shape and high harmonics

Polychromatic X‐ray sources can be useful for photon‐starved small‐angle X‐ray scattering given their high spectral fluxes. Their bandwidths, however, are 10–100 times larger than those using monochromators. To explore the feasibility, ideal scattering curves of homogeneous spherical particles for polychromatic X‐rays are calculated and analyzed using the Guinier approach, maximum entropy and regularization methods. Monodisperse and polydisperse systems are explored. The influence of bandwidth and asymmetric spectra shape are explored via Gaussian and half‐Gaussian spectra. Synchrotron undulator spectra represented by two undulator sources of the Advanced Photon Source are examined as an example, as regards the influence of asymmetric harmonic shape, fundamental harmonic bandwidth and high harmonics. The effects of bandwidth, spectral shape and high harmonics on particle size determination are evaluated quantitatively.     

Investigation of a method to calculate spontaneous radiation spectra from relativistic electrons in undulators

Undulators are key devices to produce brilliant synchrotron radiation at the synchrotron radiation facilities. In this paper we present a numerical computing method, including the computing program that has been developed to calculate the spontaneous radiation emitted from relativistic electrons in undulators by simulating the electrons＇ trajectory. The effects of electron beam emittance and energy spread have also been taken into account. Comparing with other computing methods available at present, this method has a few advantages with respect to several aspects. It can adopt any measured or arbitrarily simulated 3D magnetic field and arbitrary electron beam pattern for the calculation and it＇s able to analyze undulators of any type of magnetic structure. It＇s expected to predict precisely the practical radiation spectrum. The calculation results of a short period in-vacuum undulator and an Elliptically Polarized Undulator （EPU） at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility （SSRF） are presented as examples.     

Simulations of X‐ray diffraction of shock‐compressed single‐crystal tantalum with synchrotron undulator sources

Polychromatic synchrotron undulator X‐ray sources are useful for ultrafast single‐crystal diffraction under shock compression. Here, simulations of X‐ray diffraction of shock‐compressed single‐crystal tantalum with realistic undulator sources are reported, based on large‐scale molecular dynamics simulations. Purely elastic deformation, elastic–plastic two‐wave structure, and severe plastic deformation under different impact velocities are explored, as well as an edge release case. Transmission‐mode diffraction simulations consider crystallographic orientation, loading direction, incident beam direction, X‐ray spectrum bandwidth and realistic detector size. Diffraction patterns and reciprocal space nodes are obtained from atomic configurations for different loading (elastic and plastic) and detection conditions, and interpretation of the diffraction patterns is discussed.     

关于wiggler长波自发辐射的理论分析与数值计算

电子通过wiggler产生的辐射，除了短波辐射在轴线附近也有较强的长波辐射，在与轴线夹 角1/γ处达到最大.推导出wiggler长波辐射公式，理论分析了这种辐射的特点，并且将 理论分析的结果与数值计算的结果进行了比较.对在红外波长范围内电子束通过弯转磁铁和wiggler时产生的辐射强度和光通量作了计算，结果表明wiggler下的辐射强度和光通量均强 于弯转磁铁.比较了弯转磁铁的边沿辐射、波荡器的渡越辐射和wiggler长波辐射，表明wigg ler在红外波长范围辐射的性能最优. 关键词： wiggler 波荡器 弯转磁铁 长波辐射     

Quantitative surface analysis by Auger and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Recent developments in quantitative surface analysis by Auger (AES) and x-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies are reviewed and problems relating to a more accurate quantitative interpretation of AES/XPS experimental data are discussed. Special attention is paid to consideration of elementary physical processes involved and influence of multiple scattering effects on signal line intensities. In particular, the major features of core-shell ionization by electron impact, Auger transitions and photoionization are considered qualitatively and rigorous approaches used to calculate the respective transition probabilities are analysed. It is shown that, in amorphous and polycrystalline targets, incoherent scattering of primary and signal Auger and photoelectrons can be described by solving analytically a kinetic equation with appropriate boundary conditions. The analytical results for the angular and energy distribution, the mean escape depth, and the escape probability as a function of depth of origin of signal electrons as well as that for the backscattering factor in AES are in good agreement with the corresponding Mote Carlo simulation data. Methods for inelastic background subtraction, surface composition determination and depth-profile reconstructions by angle-resolved AES/XPS are discussed. Examples of novel techniques based on x-ray induced photoemission are considered.     

Universal function for the brilliance of undulator radiation considering the energy spread effect

Angular and spatial profiles of undulator radiation have been investigated to derive a universal function that evaluates the brilliance of undulator radiation and takes into account the effects of electron beam emittance and energy spread. It has been found that the effects of energy spread on the angular divergence and source size can be expressed by simple analytic expressions, and a universal brilliance function has been derived by convolution with the electron beam distribution functions. Comparisons with numerical results have been carried out to show the validity and applicability of the universal function.     

DEPU对上海光源储存环的影响与补偿

上海光源储存环安装了一套由两台椭圆极化波荡器组成的插入件（DEPU）,该插入件尤其是其中一台椭圆极化波荡器的积分场误差引起了闭轨畸变、工作点漂移、耦合度变化、动力学孔径减小等多种效应,这些效应对上海光源储存环的正常运行造成了极大影响。采用校正线圈前馈将最大闭轨畸变降低到10 m的水平,采用四极铁强度前馈将工作点漂移控制在0.001左右,采用斜四极铁前馈将耦合度很好地控制在0.1%左右。通过六极铁在线优化解决了动力学孔径退化的问题,将注入效率保持在80%以上。在接近4年的运行中,补偿方案工作表现很好,轨道补偿的前馈还在不断地完善中。     

Investigation of a method to calculate spontaneous radiation spectra from relativistic electrons in undulators

Undulators are key devices to produce brilliant synchrotron radiation at the synchrotron radiation facilities.In this paper we present a numerical computing method,including the computing program that has been developed to calculate the spontaneous radiation emitted from relativistic electrons in undulators by simulating the electrons' trajectory.The effects of electron beam emittance and energy spread have also been taken into account.Comparing with other computing methods available at present,this method has a few advantages with respect to several aspects.It can adopt any measured or arbitrarily simulated 3D magnetic field and arbitrary electron beam pattern for the calculation and it's able to analyze undulators of any type of magnetic structure.It's expected to predict precisely the practical radiation spectrum.The calculation results of a short period in-vacuum undulator and an EllipticaUy Polarized Undulator (EPU) at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) are presented as examples.     

Laser and synchrotron-based sources for excited state intramolecular dynamics studies

Energy ranges and time scales for excitation and relaxation of intramolecular processes are discussed and compared with the operational characteristics of laser and synchrotron radiation sources. The basic physics of synchrotron radiation and undulator emission is presented. It is shown how undulators can be used to generate short wavelength harmonics. Free electron lasers of the Compton and Raman scattering types and the associated electron beam sources are described. The properties and applications of free electron lasers are reviewed.     

上海光源首批波荡器永磁块研制

介绍了上海光源2台混合型真空室内波荡器IVU25用636件Sm2Co17sub>永磁块(规格为65 mm×25 mm×8.965 mm)和1台APPLE-Ⅱ型椭圆极化波荡器EPU100用668件NdFeB永磁块(规格为35 mm×35 mm×25 mm)的研制情况。指出了影响剩磁离散性、磁化偏角、机械尺寸精度等技术要求的基本因素,并对其原理进行了分析。研制的Sm2Co17sub>和NdFeB永磁块的磁性能、磁场品质、机械尺寸精度等满足了上海光源首批波荡器插入件技术要求。