Epitaxial growth of borophene on substrates

Borophene, a two-dimensional (2D) planar boron sheet, has attracted dramatic attention for its unique physical properties that are theoretically predicted to be different from those of bulk boron, such as polymorphism, superconductivity, Dirac fermions, mechanical flexibility and anisotropic metallicity. Nevertheless, it has long been difficult to obtain borophene experimentally due to its susceptibility to oxidation and the strong covalent bonds in bulk forms. With the development of growth technology in ultra-high vacuum (UHV), borophene has been successfully synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) supported by substrates in recent years. Due to the intrinsic polymorphism of borophene, the choice of substrates in the synthesis of borophene is pivotal to the atomic structure of borophene. The different interactions and commensuration of borophene on various substrates can induce various allotropes of borophene with distinct atomic structures, which suggests a potential approach to explore and manipulate the structure of borophene and benefits the realization of novel physical and chemical properties in borophene due to the structure–property correspondence. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress in the synthesis of monolayer (ML) borophene on various substrates, including Ag(1 1 1), Ag(1 1 0), Ag(1 0 0), Cu(1 1 1), Cu(1 0 0), Au(1 1 1), Al(1 1 1) and Ir(1 1 1), in which the polymorphism of borophene is present. Moreover, we introduce the realization of bilayer (BL) borophene on Ag(1 1 1), Cu(1 1 1) and Ru(0 0 0 1) surfaces, which possess richer electronic properties, including better thermal stability and oxidation resistance. Then, the stabilization mechanism of polymorphic borophene on their substrates is discussed. In addition, experimental investigations on the unique physical properties of borophene are also introduced, including metallicity, topology, superconductivity, optical and mechanical properties. Finally, we present an outlook on the challenges and prospects for the synthesis and potential applications of borophene.     

Annulation of Alkynyl Aryl Ethers with Allyl Pivalates To Give 2,3‐Bismethylenechromanes through Double C−H Bond Cleavage

The treatment of silylethynyloxyarenes with allylic pivalates in the presence of a palladium catalyst led to efficient C?H bond cleavage in both substrates and a novel annulation reaction to give 2,3‐bismethylenechromanes. When ortho‐allylated silylethynyloxybenzenes were used as the substrates, the same products were obtained. This result shows that site‐selective intramolecular hydrovinylation is involved in the annulation reaction. The synthetic utility of the products was demonstrated by the construction of condensed polycycles.     

利用具有非常规插入场的QCD求和规则计算核子张量荷

利用外张量场下的QCD求和规则计算了核子张量荷,其中核子插入场的核子流算符取最一般形式或称为非常规型,计算包括至维度8的项的贡献.详细分析了不同核子插入场及张量磁化率对计算核子张量荷求和规则的影响.计算表明,改变核子插入场及张量磁化率仍不能得到求和规则的稳定解,但如取最佳插入场的形式,对同位旋矢量和同位旋标量的求和规则解的稳定性有所改善.给出了在通常的对核子“QCD求和规则窗口”标度下核子张量荷的平均值.     

Wet-chemical treatment and electronic interface properties of silicon solar cell substrates

On textured n-type silicon substrates for solar cell manufacturing, the relation between light trapping behavior, structural imperfections, energetic distribution of interface state densities and interface recombination losses were investigated by applying surface sensitive techniques. The field-modulated surface photovoltage (SPV), in-situ photoluminescence (PL) measurements, total hemispherical UV-NIR-reflectance measurements and electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to yield detailed information on the influence of wet-chemical treatments on preparation induced micro-roughness and electronic properties of polished and textured silicon substrates. It was shown that isotropic as well as anisotropic etching of light trapping structures result in high surface micro-roughness and density of interface states. Removing damaged surface layers in the nm range by wet-chemical treatments, the density of these states and the related interface recombination loss can be reduced. In-situ PL measurements were applied to optimise HF-treatment times aimed at undamaged, oxide-free and hydrogen-terminated substrate surfaces as starting material for subsequent solar cell preparations.      

Unconventional Landau Levels of Ultracold Fermionic Atoms on Two-Dimensional Honeycomb Lattice

We investigate the unconventional Landau levels of ultracold fermionic atoms on the two-dimensional honeycomb optical lattice subjected to an effective magnetic field, which is created with optical means. In the presence of the effective magnetic field, the energy spectrum of the unconventional Landau levels is calculated. Furthermore, we propose to detect the unconventional Landau levels with Bragg scattering techniques.     

多模光力系统中的非传统声子阻塞

本文提出在多模光力系统中实现声子阻塞.多模光力系统由一个机械模和两个光学模组成.研究发现,当光学模与机械模同时受到外加驱动场作用时,即使在弱光力耦合条件下也可以实现声子阻塞效应,即非传统声子阻塞效应;给出了非传统声子阻塞效应出现的最佳条件.另外,发现通过调节外加驱动场间强度的比值和相位差可以控制声子的统计性质,这为实现可控的单声子源提供了一个有效方法.最后,讨论了热声子对非传统声子阻塞的不利影响,发现适当提高驱动场强度有利于观测非传统声子阻塞效应.     

Thin film substrates from the Raman spectroscopy point of view

We have investigated ten standard single crystal substrates of complex oxides on the account of their applicability in the Raman spectroscopy‐based thin film research. In this study, we suggest a spectra normalization procedure that utilizes a comparison of the substrate's Raman spectra to those of well‐established Raman reference materials. We demonstrate that MgO, LaGaO₃, (LaAlO₃)_0.3(Sr₂AlTaO₆)_0.7 (LSAT), DyScO₃, YAlO₃, and LaAlO₃ can be of potential use for Raman‐based thin film research. At the same time TiO₂ (rutile), NdGaO₃, SrLaAlO₄, and SrTiO₃ single crystals exhibit multiple phonon modes accompanied by strong Raman background that substantially hinder Raman‐based thin film experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New Chromogenic Substrates for Rapid Determination of Collagenase Activity

Abstract

Cowhide collagen insolubilized by formaldehyde treatment was grafted with chlorotriazine dyes in order to obtain chromogenic substrates for rapid determination of collagenases. The cross-linking degree and the dyeing procedure were chosen as to permit a maximal sensitivity of the method. Collagenolytic activity was estimated by colorimetric measurement of the coloured soluble split products liberated in supernatant as a result of the enzyme action on the insoluble dyed substrate. Some precision parameters were calculated (cv=6.62%) and proved a satisfactory reproducibility of the method.     

N-Methyl indoxyl Esters as Substrates for Cholinesterase

Abstract

Several esters were prepared as substrates for cholinesterase: the acetate, propionate and butyrate esters of N-methyl indoxyl, umbelliferone acetate, and the acetate and butyrate esters of 4-methyl umbelliferone. Comparison of these substrates with other fluorogenic esters: indoxyl acetate, indoxyl butyrate, resorufin acetate, B-carbonaphthoxycholine, and β-naphthyl acetate indicated that N-methyl indoxyl butyrate was the best substrate for pseudo cholinesterase. Analysis of as little as 5 × 10^?6 units per ml. of cholinesterase can be performed by a direct initial reaction-rate method in 2–3 minutes with an accuracy and precision of about 1.5%.     

A comparative study of the dimers of selected hydroxybenzenes

Hydroxybenzenes are the parent compounds of large classes of derivatives, many of which exhibit biological activities. This work presents the results of a comparative study of the dimers of selected hydroxybenzenes, considering all the possible mutual geometrical arrangements of the two monomers and comparing their relative stabilities and interaction energies. The OH···OH hydrogen bond between the two monomers is the dominant stabilizing factor, with frequent preference for mutual perpendicularity of the two aromatic rings. C? H···O unconventional H‐bonds, OH···π unconventional H‐bonds, H···π interactions and π··π interactions also may play significant roles. The factors stabilizing individual hydroxybenzenes (presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds; number, positioning and orientation of the OH groups; symmetry features) have greater influence on the dimers' relative energy than on the interaction energy between monomers. While results from different calculations methods (HF, MP2, and DFT/B3LYP) show consistency for all the features just‐mentioned, they show some relevant differences in the way they take into account different types of interactions between monomers, resulting in some differences in the geometry arrangements of the monomers in the lowest energy dimers and in differences in the relative preferences among higher‐energy dimer geometries. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012