Light scattering computational methods for particles on substrates

Four theoretical and computational methods to describe the scattering from simple particles on substrates are presented and discussed. These methods are based on the extinction theorem, image theory, the double-interaction model, and geometrical optics (ray-tracing). We compare the four methods with measurements of scattered light from gold metallic cylinders resting on a gold metallic substrate. In particular, we analyze the co-polarized (s and p polarization) full-scan and back-scattering intensities in the far field within the plane of incidence. Advantages and disadvantages of each method as a computational and reliable tool are discussed.     

Recent developments in microbial inulinases

Microbial inulinases are an important class of industrial enzymes that have gained much attention recently. Inulinases can be produced by a host of microorganisms, including fungi, yeast, and bacteria. Among them, however, Aspergillus sp. (filamentous fungus) and Kluyveromyces sp. (diploid yeast) are apparently the preferred choices for commercial applications. Among various substrates (carbon source) employed for their production, inulin-containing plant materials offer advantages in comparison to pure substrates. Although submerged fermentation has been universally used as the technique of fermentation, attempts are being made to develop solidstate fermentation technology also. Inulinases catalyze the hydrolysis of inulin to d-fructose (fructose syrup), which has gained an important place in human diets today. In addition, inulinases are finding other newer applications. This article reviews more recent developments, especially those made in the past decade, on microbial inulinases—its production using various microorganisms and substrates. It also describes the characteristics of various forms of inulinases produced as well as their applications.     

Solution‐processable colorless polyimides derived from hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride with controlled steric structure

This work presents novel colorless polyimides (PIs) derived from 1R,2S,4S,5R‐cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (H″‐PMDA). Isomer effects were also discussed by comparing with PI systems derived from conventional hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride, that is, 1S,2R,4S,5R‐cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (H‐PMDA). H″‐PMDA was much more reactive with various diamines than H‐PMDA, and the former led to PI precursors with much higher molecular weights. The results can be explained from the quite different steric structures of these isomers. The thermally imidized H″‐PMDA‐based films were colorless regardless of diamines because of inhibited charge‐transfer interaction. In particular, the H″‐PMDA/4,4′‐oxydianiline system simultaneously achieved a very high T_g exceeding 300 °C, high toughness (elongation at break > 70%), and good solution processability. In contrast, the H‐PMDA‐based counterparts were essentially insoluble. The outstanding solubility of the former probably results from disturbed chain stacking by its nonplanar steric structure. An advantage of chemical imidization process is also proposed. In some cases, a copolymerization approach with an aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride was effective to improve the thermal expansion property. The results suggest that the H″‐PMDA‐based PI systems can be promising candidates for novel high‐temperature plastic substrate materials in electronic paper displays. A potential application as optical compensation film materials in liquid crystal displays (LCD) is also proposed in this work. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

双参数十二参矩形板元的对称列式

1 引言 在位移有限元中,九参数三角形板元的研究取得了丰硕成果,根据不同方法已构造出众多收敛性能很好的单元（见[1]、[2]、[3]）。相比之下,矩形板元的研究却较少报道,ACM元及广义协调元RGC—12是其中比较成功的单元.但是ACM是C~0元。其位移形函数的外法向导数平均值在单元间不连续。广义协调元是基于势能原理建立单元协调的,其自由度(协调条件)不对称是其本身的一个弱点,陈万吉研究表明。这种不对称性会破坏单元的几何不变性。     

Suzuki cross-coupling reactions using reverse-phase glass beads in aqueous media

Reverse-phase glass beads have been employed in Suzuki reactions to provide, in aqueous media, a route to diverse polar substrates in good yield and with low levels of palladium leaching.     

有限变形弹性动力学的非传统Gurtin型变分原理

根据古典阴阳互补和现代对偶互补的基本思想，通过作者早已提出的一条简单而统一的途径，系统地建立了有限变形弹性动力学的各类非传统Gurtin型变分原理，给出一个以卷积表示的重要关系式，可以认为，该式是有限变形动力学的广义虚功原理的表式。从该式出发，不仅能得到有限变形动力学的虚功原理，而且通过给出的一系列广义Legendre变换，还能系统地成对导出5类变量，3类变量，2类变量和1类变量非传统Gurtin型变分原理的互补泛函。通过这条途径还能清楚地阐明这些原理之间的内在联系。     

Buckling delamination in compressed multilayers on curved substrates with accompanying ridge cracks

Residually compressed films and coatings are susceptible to buckle delamination. The buckles often have linear or telephone cord morphology. When the films are brittle, such buckles are susceptible to the formation of ridge cracks that extend along their length, terminating close to the propagating front. The ridge-cracked buckles are invariably straight-sided (not telephone cord) and differ in width. Buckle delaminations of this type occur on flat and curved substrates: having greatest technological relevance in the latter. They occur not only in single layer films but also in multilayers, such as thermal barrier systems. Establishing the mechanics of ridge-cracked buckle delaminations for multilayers on curved substrates serves two purposes. (a) It allows the prediction of buckle delamination and spalling for technologically important systems. (b) It provides a test protocol for measuring properties such as the delamination toughness of the interface and the stresses in the layers. Both objectives are addressed in the article: the latter by devising an inverse algorithm. Implementation of the algorithm is demonstrated for diamond-like carbon films on planar glass substrates and a thermal barrier multilayer on a curved superalloy substrate.     

一个新的非常规各向异性元的收敛性分析

构造了一个新的非常规各向异性Hermite型矩形单元并据此对二阶椭圆问题提出了一个混合元格式,同时给出了该格式的收敛性分析.     

Steady-State Kinetics of Aminopeptidase Catalysis: A Stopped-Flow Radiationless Energy Transfer Study

Stopped-flow radiationless energy transfer experiments have been carried out to investigate the hydrolysis of some dansyl peptide substrates (S) catalyzed by aminopeptidase (E). RET between enzyme tryptophanyl residues and the dansyl group in the substrate allowed direct observation and quantitation of the enzyme-substrate (ES) complexes. Analysis of the stopped-flow RET traces gives k_cat = 1.32 s^?1 and K_M = 47 μM for Leu-Ala-NH(CH₂)₂NH-Dns (Leu-Ala-DED) and k_cat = 4.80 s^?1 and K_M = 196 μM for Leu-Gly-NH(CH₂)₂NH-Dns (Leu-Gly-DED). The activation energies of the enzymatic reactions were determined from the Arrhenius plots to be 57 and 38 kJ mol^?1 for Leu-Ala-DED and Leu-Gly-DED, respectively. The kinetic results indicate that the enzyme binds Leu-Ala-DED more tightly than Leu-Gly-DED as revealed by a small value of K_M. That this enzyme catalyzes the turnover of Leu-Gly-DED more efficiently than Leu-Ala-DED is reflected in a large value of k_cat and a small activation energy. The RET signals during the hydrolysis of Leu-Val-NH(CH₂)₂NH-Dns were extremely weak probably because of the inefficient energy transfer in the ES complex or the retention of the product in the enzyme after completion of the reaction. Aminopeptidase was inactive towards the dansyl compounds of the single amino acid studied. This fact may be due to an unfavorable conformation of these compounds in the ES complexes (small k_cat) or a weak binding of the substrates to the enzyme (large K_M) or both.     

Development of cube textured Ni–5 at.%W alloy substrates for coated conductor application using a melting process

Biaxially textured Ni–5 at.%W substrates have been prepared by cold rolling, followed by three different annealing routes. In this paper, the processes of melting Ni and W metals, flat rolling, various annealing methods are described in detail. The Ni–5 at.%W tapes annealed under either high vacuum or flowing Ar (7% H₂) gas were characterized by X-ray pole figures, ODF, EBSD as well as AFM analysis. The texture analysis indicated that as fabricated tapes have a sharp cube texture formed after annealing at a wide temperature range of 800–1100 °C. The high quality of cube orientation on tapes was obtained after a two-step annealing (TSA), where the percentage of the cube texture component was as high as 93.5% within a misorientation angle smaller than 8° from EBSD analysis. Furthermore, it was also observed that the number of twin boundaries in this tape decreased with respect to that of tapes annealed both in vacuum and one-step gas annealing. From AFM on 1 μm² areas, it was concluded that the roughness (RMS) on the tape surface reached 0.98 nm.