微机化的纵横波螺栓轴向应力检测仪研制

介绍了一种既可测安装过程中的螺栓应力又可测已紧固螺栓轴向应力的一种仪器,该仪器是以单片机和计算机为核心,用超声纵横波声时进行在线检测;利用超声波沿轴向传播的波速同轴向应力以及三阶弹性常数的关系导出了应力同纵横波声时比值及温度的关系,考虑了受应力作用时温度对声速的影响,简化了测量及计算过程.仪器采用了声时、声幅衰减及数字处理技术联合排除偶合错误及噪声干扰等方法,增加了仪器的稳定性;仪器采用了高精度测声时方法,提高了应力测量精度;计算机提供了数字及图形显示并提供了数据查询及图形还原等功能,极大地方便了用户操作及管理.实验结果表明应力低于250 MPa,夹紧距离大于30 mm时,应力超声测量的绝对误差小于±8 MPa.     

超声搅拌悬浮液进样FAAS法测定茶叶中的微量元素

将超声搅拌悬浮液进样技术应用于火焰原子吸收光谱法,测定了茶叶中Fe、Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg的含量。结果表明,加标回收率97.1%~103.2%,RSD为2.1%~5.5%,该法快速、简单、准确。有利于人们了解茶叶中微量元素的含量,合理科学饮茶和开发茶叶保健饮品。     

基于数字存储示波器的超声多普勒效应实验系统的研究与应用

介绍了一种基于数字存储示波器的超声多普勒效应实验系统.该系统利用现有的超声声速测量设备,以频移信号处理电路和数字存储示波器作为数据测量单元的核心,通过与系统底座和运动控制单元相配合,开展与多普勒效应相关的多项综合性、设计性实验.实验中信号的转换、传输和处理过程清晰透明,有利于培养学生的自主动手能力和观察分析问题的能力.该实验系统结构简单,无需复杂的软件编程,各实验室均可自行完成制作,同时又可实现实验资源共享,提高仪器设备的利用率,具有较高的实用和推广价值.     

超声萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用测定海洋沉积物中39种多溴联苯醚残留

建立了超声萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定海洋沉积物中39种多溴联苯醚残留的分析方法.样品用V(正己烷):V(二氯甲烷) =1:1混合溶液提取,超声(控制水浴温度为25 ℃)提取60 min,采用硅胶和氧化铝净化,负化学离子源-气相色谱-质谱法进行检测,39种组分图谱在49 min 内能得到很好的分离. 39种混合样品的检出限为0.003～0.10 μg/kg; 加标回收率为66.2%～118.6%;相对标准偏差为0.8%～18.2%.用于实际样品分析,结果令人满意.     

Assessment of cortical bone fatigue using coded nonlinear ultrasound

Bone fatigue accumulation is a factor leading to bone fracture, which is a progressive process of microdamage deteriorating under long-term and repeated stress. Since the microdamage of the early stage in bone is difficult to be investigated by linear ultrasound, the second harmonic generation method in nonlinear ultrasound technique is employed in this paper,which is proved to be more sensitive to microdamage. To solve the deficiency that the second harmonic component is easily submerged by noise in traditional nonlinear measurement, a weighted chirp coded sinusoidal signal was applied as the ultrasonic excitation, while pulse inversion is implemented at the receiving side. The effectiveness of this combination to improve the signal-to-noise ratio has been demonstrated by in vitro experiment. Progressive fatigue loading experiments were conducted on the cortical bone plate in vitro for microdamage generation. There was a significant increase in the slope of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter with the propagation distance(increased by 8% and 24% respectively) when the bone specimen was at a progressive level of microdamage. These results indicate that the coded nonlinear ultrasonic method might have the potential in diagnosing bone fatigue.     

An ultrasonic multi-wave focusing and imaging method for linear phased arrays

To overcome the inherent limits of traditional single wave imaging for nondestructive testing,the multi-wave focusing and imaging method is thoroughly studied.This method makes the compressional waves and shear waves focused in both emission and reception processes,which strengthens the focusing energy and improves the signal-to-noise ratio of received signals.A numerical model is developed to study the characteristics of a multi-wave focusing field.It is shown that the element width approaching 0.8 wavelengths of shear waves can keep a balance between the radiation energy of two waves,which can achieve a desirable multi-wave focusing performance.And an experiment using different imaging methods for a linear phased array is performed.It can be concluded that due to the combination of the propagation and reflection characteristics of two waves,the multi-wave focusing and imaging method can significantly improve the imaging distinguishability of defects and expand the available sweeping range to a sector of-650 to 65°.     

TiO_2/ACF光催化剂的超声波制备及其光催化活性

本文以超声波为晶化方法在低温下制得了炭纤维负载的Ti O2光催化剂(Ti O2/ACF)。通过X衍射、扫描电镜、液氮吸附等对晶化中所得催化剂Ti O2的晶型、形貌和织构进行了考察,并以甲基橙为降解物考察了催化剂活性。结果表明:在超声波作用下,Ti O2前驱体先被均匀负载到炭纤维表面,然后被晶化为14.2 nm的锐钛矿粒子;所得催化剂晶粒在炭纤维表面形成了1.1nm左右的微孔,其介孔体积比炭纤维高;超声晶化时间对晶粒大小无明显影响,但对催化剂活性有重要活性影响:60分钟的晶化活性最好,过长时间会使负载的Ti O2脱落,降低催化剂活性。实验结果还表明,Ti O2/ACF催化剂在重复使用中活性基本稳定,且对甲基橙吸附比原炭纤维高,其原因在于催化剂介孔体积的增加。     

Ultrasonic-assisted catalytic transfer hydrogenation for upgrading pyrolysis-oil

Recent interest in biomass-based fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds has stimulated research efforts on conversion and upgrading pathways, which are considered as critical commercialization drivers. Existing pre-/post-conversion pathways are energy intense (e.g., pyrolysis and hydrogenation) and economically unsustainable, thus, more efficient process solutions can result in supporting the renewable fuels and green chemicals industry. This study proposes a process, including biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading, using mixed fast and slow pyrolysis conversion pathway, as well as sono-catalytic transfer hydrogenation (SCTH) treatment process. The proposed SCTH treatment employs ammonium formate as a hydrogen transfer additive and palladium supported on carbon as the catalyst. Utilizing SCTH, bio-oil molecular bonds were broken and restructured via the phenomena of cavitation, rarefaction, and hydrogenation, with the resulting product composition, investigated using ultimate analysis and spectroscopy. Additionally, an in-line characterization approach is proposed, using near-infrared spectroscopy, calibrated by multivariate analysis and modeling. The results indicate the potentiality of ultrasonic cavitation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation, and SCTH for incorporating hydrogen into the organic phase of bio-oil. It is concluded that the integration of pyrolysis with SCTH can improve bio-oil for enabling the production of fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds from lignocellulosic biomass.     

Durable and highly selective tungsten-substituted MFI metallosilicate catalysts for the methanol-to-propylene process by designing a novel feed-supply technique

For the catalytic reaction of methanol to propylene (MTP), conventional H-ZSM-5 and W-substituted MFI metallosilicate catalysts were successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The catalysts were properly characterized by several techniques. For comparison of the catalytic lifetime, feedstock of MTP was provided by both a conventional system and a novel feed-supply technique. The novel technique used the piezoelectric ultrasonic effect. It was revealed that feed composition via novel feed-supply technique remained totally constant, whereas with conventional system it relatively changed. Complete methanol conversion, higher propylene yield of 54.3%, greater light olefin yield of 85.2%, and longer-term catalytic lifetime of 101 h were productively obtained for H-W(250)AlMFI catalyst using a novel method for provision of feed. The better performance of this catalyst can be attributed to adequate content of tungsten, appropriate mesoporosity, sufficient strength of acidic sites, and stable feed composition of the novel feed-supply technique. Furthermore, the MTP process was miniaturized by the piezoelectric ultrasonic device.