Statistical structure of the velocity field in cavitating flow around a 2D hydrofoil

Transformation of flow turbulence structure with cavitation occurrence, determination of the flow conditions favorable for nucleation of cavitation bubbles, influence of the statistical structure of turbulence on this process and the inverse effect of cavitation on the flow dynamics are challenging problems in modern fluid mechanics. The paper reports on the results of statistical processing of the velocity fields measured by a PIV technique in cavitating flow over a 2D symmetric hydrofoil for four flow conditions, starting from a cavitation-free regime and finishing by unsteady cloud cavitation. We analyze basic information on the statistical structure of velocity fluctuations in the form of histograms and Q-Q diagrams along with profiles of the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. The research reveals that the flow turbulence pattern and distributions of turbulent fluctuations change significantly with the cavitation development. Under unsteady cloud cavitation conditions, the probability density function of the fluctuating velocity has a two-mode distribution, which indicates switching of two alternating flow conditions in a region above the hydrofoil aft part due to periodic passing of cavitation clouds. Behaviors of the mean and most probable velocities unexpectedly appear to be different with a monotonous increase of the incoming flow velocity. This finding must be caused by modification of the skewness coefficient of the fluctuating velocity.     

基于细观混凝土模型的时间逆转损伤成像方法

提出了一种针对混凝土结构损伤检测的时间逆转损伤成像方法.以检测混凝土结构中与骨料尺寸相近的微小损伤为目的,引入细观混凝土随机骨料模型,该模型将混凝土结构视为由水泥浆基底、骨料及粘接层组成的三相复合材料,基于Monte Carlo随机样本原理并结合真实试件的骨料级配曲线建立.在数值模拟分析中,将生成含损伤的细观模型导入有限元分析软件进行超声波场模拟,同时采用自适应性强的时间逆转模型(time reversed model,TRM)进行损伤定位.TRM分为正向检测和逆时成像两个部分:正向检测过程得到包含损伤的一系列散射回波信号,从数值角度进行时间反演并作为逆时过程的输入信号;逆时成像过程选用等效弹性参数模型,几何尺寸与随机骨料模型相同,时反信号在相应几何位置同时加载形成时反波场,时反波场在损伤位置会发生干涉叠加从而导致能量峰值的出现,通过确定干涉峰值时刻,并获取该时刻对应原始波场以及小波变换能量场完成成像.与原始数据波场图相比,小波变换处理成像结果消除了杂波干扰,成像结果更加清晰.进一步对等效弹性参数的取值进行讨论,并且在骨料尺寸范围内调整损伤大小,结果显示成像结果匹配度高,对于非均质混凝土结构的损伤检测能很好满足损伤定位需求.由此证明,时间逆转成像方法对于具有复杂结构的混凝土材料的损伤检测具有较好的适用性.     

近壁声空泡溃灭微射流冲击流固耦合模型及蚀坑反演分析

超声场下液体环境中近壁空泡溃灭会产生强烈的微射流,为探究微射流冲击壁面流固耦合效应,利用流体力学及冲击动力学,考虑了率相关的J-C材料本构模型,建立并分析了微射流冲击壁面流固耦合三维模型,并通过超声空化试验和基于球形压痕试验理论的反演分析进行了验证。结果表明:微射流冲击下材料表面出现微型凹坑,凹坑深度由微射流速度和微射流直径共同决定且随其增大而增大,凹坑直径主要与微射流直径正相关,而凹坑径深比则主要与微射流速度负相关;壁面压强基本呈对称分布且最大压强出现在微射流冲击边缘;超声空化试验验证了微射流冲击下材料表面出现的微型凹坑,反演分析方法表明,在16~18的径深比下,微射流冲击强度为420~500MPa,对应的微射流速度为310~370m/s。试验及反演分析结果与理论分析结果相符,验证了流固耦合模型及反演分析方法的合理性及准确性,为后续工程应用中空化强度、微射流速度等的控制提供了理论参考。     

On Cavitation, Configurational Forces and Implications for Fracture in a Nonlinearly Elastic Material

Experiments on polymers indicate that large tensile stress can induce cavitation, that is, the appearance of voids that were not previously evident in the material. This phenomenon can be viewed as either the growth of pre-existing infinitesimal holes in the material or, alternatively, as the spontaneous creation of new holes in an initially perfect body. In this paper our approach is to adopt both views concurrently within the framework of the variational theory of nonlinear elasticity. We model an elastomer on a macroscale as a void-free material and, on a microscale, as a material containing certain defects that are the only points at which hole formation can occur. Mathematically, this is accomplished by the use of deformations whose point singularities are constrained. One consequence of this viewpoint is that cavitation may then take place at a point that is not energetically optimal. We show that this disparity will generate configurational forces, a type of force identified previously in dislocations in crystals, in phase transitions in solids, in solidification, and in fracture mechanics. As an application of this approach we study the energetically optimal point for a solitary hole to form in a homogeneous and isotropic elastic ball subject to radial boundary displacements. We show, in particular, that the center of the ball is the unique optimal point. Finally, we speculate that the configurational force generated by cavitation at a non-optimal material point may be sufficient to result in the onset of fracture. The analysis utilizes the energy-momentum tensor, the asymptotics of an equilibrium solution with an isolated singularity, and the linear theory of elasticity at the stressed configuration that the body occupies immediately prior to cavitation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

超声马达梯度涂层摩擦材料研究

超声马达摩擦材料应同时具有良好的摩擦学特性和一定的接触变形要求,目前所用单一均质结构摩擦材料较难满足这一要求,需要研制新型摩擦材料.本文从摩擦学的减摩结构模型反推出一种增摩结构模型,针对超声马达对摩擦材料的要求,提出梯度涂层摩擦材料的设计思想,采用表面黏涂法研制了一种具有梯度结构的涂层摩擦材料.利用超声马达模拟试验装置考察了涂层厚度对超声马达性能的影响,初步验证了模型的正确性.在本文的试验条件下,当涂层材料表层厚度为1mm,底层厚度为0.7mm左右时,超声马达具有较好的性能.与其它种类的摩擦材料相比较,梯度涂层摩擦材料可以满足超声马达的使用要求,可望提升超声马达的性能,具有良好的发展前景.     

超声波的光外差接收

激光接收超声是一种非接触式的超声接收技术，它在超声无损评估及检测领域有重要的应用。本文设计研制了激光外差干涉接收超声的实验系统，该系统由声光调制器产生光频的频移，锁相环进行位相解调。文中重点讨论：（１）在光学部分，外差干涉光路空间准直性对信噪比的影响。（２）在信号处理电路部分，锁相环电路特性分析及其参数确定     

非线性超声相控阵无损检测系统及实验研究

相控阵超声无损检测技术近年来在无损检测领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。但当前相控阵超声检测基于传统线性超声,对于材料或结构的微缺陷、微裂纹等缺陷不敏感。研究基于超声的非线性效应的非线性超声无损检测技术对于克服线性超声相控阵技术的不足具有积极的意义。本文设计和开发了基于非线性超声相控阵的无损检测系统,并利用超声检测的标准试件对该系统的性能进行了检验。对比测试了常规线性超声方法、基于滤波的非线性超声方法以及基于反相脉冲的非线性超声方法对于钨丝线靶、超声仿体以及碳钢试块的检测效果。测试结果表明,非线性超声相控阵无损检测技术与传统线性超声相控阵无损检测相比具有空间分辨力高、缺陷分辨力强等优点,而基于反相脉冲的非线性相控阵超声无损检测在空间分辨力上比基于滤波的非线性超声检测方法又有比较显著的提高。     

C/C-SiC复合材料的制备及其湿式摩擦磨损性能研究

采用T700炭纤维针刺毡,经超声振动渗硅、化学气相沉积(CVD)、硅化处理及液相浸渍/炭化新工艺制备SiC呈"岛状"分布的C/C-SiC复合材料,利用偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察其微观组织结构并分析其形成机制,在MM-1000型湿式摩擦磨损试验机上研究C/C-SiC复合材料的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:在初始转速恒定的条件下,动摩擦系数随制动比压的增加而逐渐减小;当制动比压恒定时,摩擦系数随初始转速的增加呈现出先增大而后降低的趋势;在本文试验条件下,摩擦系数稳定在0.088～0.126之间;在300次磨损试验后,其磨损量检测值为0.     

空泡流非稳态现象的流动控制

处于跨临界阶段的空泡流必然导致强烈的周期性冲击和振动,空泡流的激振来源于空泡云的周期性大规模脱落,空泡云的形成和发展与流动的边界层效应有着强烈的相关性,且空泡末端的局部流动直接影响空泡流的整体稳定性,本试验在NACA16012水翼表面粘附一条展向1mm厚10mm宽的挡流条,尝试以干扰水翼上表面局部流动的方法来影响整个空泡流的形态及其流动稳定性,最终在一定的空泡数范围内抑制了空泡流激振现象,并从试验研究的角度探索了空泡云脱落的机理。     

Simultaneous determination of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in common seafood using ultrasonic cell crusher extraction combined with gas chromatography

An effective method for the simultaneous determination of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in common seafood by gas chromatography was developed and validated. Total docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were extracted from seafood by ultrasonic cell crusher assisted extraction and methyl esterified for gas chromatography analysis in the presence of the internal standard. The linearity was good (r > 0.999) in 9.59 ∼ 479.5 μg/mL for docosahexaenoic acid and 9.56 ∼ 477.8 μg/mL for eicosapentaenoic acid. The intrarun and interrun precisions were both within 4.8 and 6.1% for the two analytes, while the accuracy was less than 5.8%. The developed method was applied for determination of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in six kinds of seafood. The result showed the content of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid was all higher than 1 mg/g in yellow croaker, hairtail, venerupis philippinarum, mussel, and oyster. Our work may be helpful for dietary optimization and production of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.