The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data,and adjustment procedures

This is the first of two articles(Part I and Part II)that presents the results of the new atomic mass evaluation,Ame2020.It includes complete information on the experimental input data that were used to derive the tables of recommended values which are given in Part II.This article describes the evaluation philosophy and procedures that were implemented in the selection of specific nuclear reaction,decay and mass-spectrometric data which were used in a least-squares fit adjustment in order to determine the recommended mass values and their uncertainties.All input data,including both the accepted and rejected ones,are tabulated and compared with the adjusted values obtained from the least-squares fit analysis.Differences with the previous Ame2016 evaluation are discussed and specific examples are presented for several nuclides that may be of interest to Ame users.     

Extragalactic background light: inventory of light throughout the cosmic history

The Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) stands for the mean surface brightness of the sky as we would see it from a representative vantage point in the intergalactic space outside of our Milky Way Galaxy. Averaged over the whole 4π solid angle it represents the collective light from all luminous matter radiated throughout the cosmic history. Part of the EBL is resolved into galaxies that, with the increasing detecting power of giant telescopes and sensitive detectors, are seen to deeper and deeper limiting magnitudes. This resolved part is now known to contribute a substantial or even the major part of the EBL. There still remains, however, the challenge of finding out to what extent galaxies too faint or too diffuse to be discerned individually, individual stars or emission by gas outside the galaxies, or – more speculatively – some hitherto unknown light sources such as decaying elementary particles are accounting for the remaining EBL. We review the recent progress that has been made in the measurement of EBL. The current photometric results suggest that there is, beyond the resolved galaxies, an EBL component that cannot be explained by diffuse galaxy halos or intergalactic stars.     

Grüneisen parameter for HCP iron at extreme compression

The Thomas–Fermi approximation gives the Grüneisen parameter γ=γ_∞=1/2 for all materials at extreme compression (P→∞ or V→0). After re-analyzing the existing experimental data of volume dependence of Grüneisen parameter γ of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) iron, we find that γ=1/2+a(V/V ₀)^1/3+b(V/V ₀) ⁿ , where a, b and n are constants. Based on this new form of γ, the second Grüneisen parameter q, the Debye temperature θ_D and the shear sound velocity v _s of HCP iron are discussed in the present work. It is found that the zero pressure second Grüneisen parameter q ₀=0.654, which is consistent with the previously determined value of HCP iron for Earth's core physics from Dubrovinsky et al. The calculations for the Debye temperature and the shear sound velocity are also found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.     

The abrupt changes in the yellowed fibril density in the Linen of Turin

The present investigation is an attempt to explain the abrupt changes in the yellowed fibril density (or image intensity) values in the dorsal part of the Shroud of Turin body image. The interested areas are the ones at the base of the shoulders and the buttocks. These rapid changes in the body image intensity are not anomalies of the linen manufacture. They can be explained with the original presence of aromas and/or burial ointments.     

Defect clustering in double doped fluorite crystals with Lu and Gd

Abstract

Solid solutions Ca¹ x-^yLu^xGd^y F_2+x+y for 10^?4 ≤ x ≤ 2 × 10^?2 and y=0.0001 have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ionic thermal currents (ITC). It has been found that the ITC spectrum from 77 to 420 K is very weak and the main peak is attributed to the relaxation of both Lu³⁺-F^? _x and Gd³⁺F^? _i nn dipoles. No polarizable clusters are present in the temperature range explored here. The EPR spectra show the presence of Gd³⁺ tetragonal and cubic centers due to the local and non local compensation, respectively. The continuous decrease in the molar fraction of Gd³⁺ tetragonal centers together with the low concentration of Lu nn dipoles is an evidence of the existence at these low and intermediate concentrations of large clusters such as the cubo-octahedral hexamer which has been proposed for CaF₂ crystals very highly doped with small trivalent cations.     

THE TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN THE AKNS HIERARCHY AND THE KN HIERARCHY WITH SELF-CONSISTENT SOURCES

It is shown that the AKNS hierarchy with self-consistent sources can transform to KN hierarchy with self-consistent sources through a transformation operator and gauge transformation. Besides, there exists transformation in their conservation laws and Hamiltonian structures.     

Effects of pollution restrictions on dynamic investment policy of a firm

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of different pollution standards on the firm's resource allocation decisions. To do so, a dynamic model of the firm is developed in which it is assumed that production causes pollution as an inevitable byproduct. Concerning its investment policy, we suppose that the firm can choose between investing in productive capital goods and investing in abatement efforts.It is shown that, in some cases, future abatement expenses have a negative impact on the present level of productive investment, even if the pollution standard is not binding at the moment. This implies a really dynamic optimal investment policy for the firm, which cannot be obtained within a comparative static analysis.This research has been made possible by a fellowship of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Comments by Frank van der Duyn Schouten and Piet Verheyen (Tilburg University) and by Raymond Gradus (Dutch Ministry of Finance, The Hague) are gratefully acknowledged.     

Weakly compactly generated Banach spaces and the strong law of large numbers

IfB is a weakly compactly generated Banach space andf: (S,S, ) satisfies the strong law of large numbers, thenf=f ₁+f ₂, wheref ₁ is Bochner -integrable andf ₂ is Pettis -integrable with Pettis norm 0. The decomposition is unique.