Monte Carlo simulation of spatial distribution of X rays in multifilm targets. III: optimum design as applied to W/Al‐film targets

The brightness of the X‐ray source in a W/Al‐film target used for X‐ray projection microscopy was studied by an approach using the Monte Carlo simulation. Since continuous X rays generated in a thin film have a specific angular distribution of emission, the brightness of the continuous X‐ray source cannot simply be estimated on the assumption that the angular distribution is homogeneous. The newly developed approach using the Monte Carlo simulation enables the evaluation of the effective source size, angular distribution, and brightness of a continuous X‐ray source with sufficient accuracy that it leads to the optimum design of a high‐brightness X‐ray source for uses such as X‐ray projection microscopy. The Monte Carlo calculations were performed for W(Δz)/Al (200 µm)‐film targets with different thicknesses of W film, Δz, under bombardment of 60 kV electrons. The results have suggested an optimum design consisting of a W (2 µm)/Al (200 µm)‐film target as most promising for providing an X‐ray source of higher brightness than the W (5 µm)/Al (200 µm)‐film target, which has already been in practice for X‐ray projection microscopy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

神光-Ⅱ装置三倍频实验中靶场单元技术的改进

 主要介绍为了满足神光-Ⅱ高功率激光装置三倍频光（351nm，3ω）的物理实验要求，靶场三倍频模拟光源和瞄准监视系统两个主要单元技术的改进，即三倍频模拟光源由基频光（1 053nm，3ω）通过腔外的KTP+BBO晶体倍频获得，再经八路分光系统和主激光耦合；瞄准监视系统由透射式光学系统改进为反射式光学系统，避免原系统存在较大的色差，提高瞄准精度。     

Development of a 3D Eulerian/Lagrangian Aircraft Icing Simulation Solver Based on OpenFOAM

A 3D icing simulation code is developed in the open-source CFD toolbox OpenFOAM. A hybrid Cartesian/body-fitted meshing method is used to generate high-quality meshes around complex ice shapes. Steady-state 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are solved to provide the ensemble-averaged flow around the airfoil. Considering the multi-scale nature of droplet size distribution, and more importantly, to represent the less uniform nature of the Super-cooled Large Droplets (SLD), two droplet tracking methods are realized: the Eulerian method is used to track the small-size droplets (below 50 μm) for the sake of efficiency; the Lagrangian method with random sampling is used to track the large droplets (above 50 μm); the heat transfer of the surface overflow is solved on a virtual surface mesh; the ice accumulation is estimated via the Myers model; finally, the final ice shape is predicted by time marching. Limited by the availability of experimental data, validations are performed on 3D simulations of 2D geometries using the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods, respectively. The code proves to be feasible and accurate enough in predicting ice shapes. Finally, an icing simulation result of the M6 wing is presented to illustrate the full 3D capability.     

Discovery of Quinacrine as a Potent Topo II and Hsp90 Dual-Target Inhibitor,Repurposing for Cancer Therapy

Topo II and Hsp90 are promising targets. In this study, we first verified the structural similarities between Topo IIα ATPase and Hsp90α N−ATPase. Subsequently, 720 compounds from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug library and kinase library were screened using the malachite green phosphate combination with the Topo II-mediated DNA relaxation and MTT assays. Subsequently, the antimalarial drug quinacrine was found to be a potential dual−target inhibitor of Topo II and Hsp90. Mechanistic studies showed that quinacrine could specifically bind to the Topo IIα ATPase domain and inhibit the activity of Topo IIα ATPase without impacting DNA cleavage. Furthermore, our study revealed that quinacrine could bind Hsp90 N−ATPase and inhibit Hsp90 activity. Significantly, quinacrine has broad antiproliferation activity and remains sensitive to the multidrug−resistant cell line MCF−7/ADR and the atypical drug−resistant tumor cell line HL−60/MX2. Our study identified quinacrine as a potential dual−target inhibitor of Topo II and Hsp90, depending on the ATP−binding domain, positioning it as a hit compound for further structural modification.     

CO2,O2,CF4液体微滴喷射靶激光等离子体光源光谱

基于软X射线辐射计量和极紫外投影光刻(EUVL)应用,研制了一台使用纳秒激光器的液体微滴喷射靶激光等离子体(LPP)极紫外光源。该光源由一个可连续控温的不锈钢电磁喷气阀门、YAG激光器和能同步控制喷气阀门和激光器的脉冲发生器组成。使用液氮作致冷剂,控温范围77～473 K。对于足够高的背景气压和低的阀门温度,当气体经过阀门脉冲式地喷入真空靶室内时,气体经过气-液相变碎裂成大量的液体微滴形成液体微滴喷射靶。首先,依据非相对论量子力学理论,使用原子光谱分析常用的Cowan程序,计算了O2,CO2和CF4等几种液体在1011～1012W.cm-2激光功率密度下可能相应产生的O4 ,O5 ,O6 ,O7 ,F5 ,F6 和F7 离子的电偶极辐射跃迁波长和跃迁概率。其次,在激光焦点功率密度为8×1011W.cm-2时,测量了CO2,O2,CF4液体微滴喷射靶在6～20 nm波段的光谱。理论计算结果与实验结果相比较,得出了所测量谱线的电偶极辐射跃迁波长和跃迁概率以及跃迁能级所应归属的组态和光谱项。     

基于子孔径拼接的衍射干涉靶丸形貌检测技术

为实现惯性约束聚变实验中核心部件球形靶丸表面形貌的高精度、高效率、无遗漏检测,建立了基于子孔径拼接和衍射干涉技术相结合的靶丸形貌测量装置,给出了测量的基本原理及系统单孔径横向分辨率的计算方法,并对靶丸旋转扫描时子孔径的排布进行了划分。针对点云数据横向间隔过大导致匹配算法迭代收敛速度缓慢,甚至不收敛的问题,提出以虚拟的极小半径代替实际曲率半径,将点云进行横向压缩的方法,在保持形貌特征不变的同时提高算法的匹配速度和准确性。最后,对直径1 mm的镀金球靶进行了实际测量,得到拼接后相对形貌误差峰谷值和均方根值分别为1.332和0.479的检测结果,可以同时获得表面形貌的整体起伏特征,以及局部的形貌细节。     

成像型速度干涉仪散斑成因的研究

在冲击波过程中,利用成像型速度干涉仪探测样品自由面的速度时,散斑的叠加使得干涉曲线被严重干扰,影响了速度信息的精密提取。在理论上从光路的角度分析了系统中可能造成散斑的两种因素：靶面粗糙度和多模光纤。在实验上设计了三种照明方式分别对这两种因素进行验证。离线实验的结果表明,多模光纤的引入对散斑的产生起了主要的作用,这对抑制乃至遏制散斑的产生具有很好的指导性意义。     

ICF分解实验用双介质调制靶的研制

为了研究惯性约束聚变（ICF）实验用靶丸不同密度界面的流体力学不稳定性增长,设计并制备了聚苯乙烯（CH）/碳气凝胶（CRF）, CRF /硅气凝胶（SiO2）和CH/Al三种双介质调制靶。采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备了密度分别为250和800 mg/cm3的CRF气凝胶薄片;采用激光微加工工艺分别在两种不同密度的CRF薄片和工业用纯Al箔上引入调制图形;采用旋涂工艺在Al箔和CRF薄片（250 mg/cm3）的调制表面制备一层CH薄膜,得到CH/Al和CH/CRF双介质调制靶,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺在CRF薄片（800 mg/cm3）表面制备一层低密度SiO2气凝胶,得到CRF/SiO2双介质调制靶。采用电子天平、扫描电子显微镜、工具显微镜和台阶仪对所制备的CH/CRF, CRF/SiO2和CH/Al三种双介质调制靶进行靶参数测量。结果表明:三种双介质调制靶层与层之间结合紧密,界面清晰,调制图形为正弦,靶参数测量准确。     

快点火靶的新型概念和结构分析

提出了一个快点火靶新型概念和结构分析,在锥的尖端制作一个热斑大小的平台,以避免燃料从锥方向逃逸;在平台中间制作一个微纳米点,以约束热电子发射。或者在平台上制作微纳米点阵列,以抬高阿尔文效应限制的条件。考虑超热电子发射的静电势、材料的逸出功,给出了热电子发射能量公式,根据公式提出了关于快点火靶在材料和结构方面的优化条件和研究内容。比如,提高超热电子发射的静电势,和发射材料的选择等,以优化超热电子的出射能量和方向。