Quintessence and Dark Matter Created by Weyl–Dirac Geometry

A spatially closed universe undergoing at present accelerated expansion, having a non-vanishing cosmological constant, and filled with luminous- and dark matter is described in terms of the Integrable Weyl–Dirac theory. It is shown that, during the dust-dominated period, dark matter and the quintessence pressure, the latter giving rise to acceleration: both are created by the Dirac gauge function. The behavior of two models: a nearly flat one and a well closed are considered in appropriate gauges, and plausible scenarios are obtained. The outcome of the present paper, together with results of a previous work,⁽³¹⁾ provide a geometrically based, classical, singularity-free model of the universe, that has originated from a pure geometric Weyl–Dirac entity, passed a prematter period, the radiation-dominated era, and continues its development in the present dust period.     

超子中子星性质的温度效应

从相对论平均场理论出发,考虑核子、超子和介子的相互作用,研究了温度对中子星组成粒子、状态方程和中子星质量等的影响.发现温度越高,超子在中子星内部出现时的重子数密度越低.当密度较高时,中子星的核心区主要由超子组成,即中子星转变成以奇异粒子为主要成分的超子星,并且这种转变受到温度的影响,温度越高,转变密度越低.由于超子的出现,中子星核心高密度区域的状态方程,对于不同温度,差别不大,所以有限温度中子星的最大质量都在1.8M_⊙附近.这与观测结果相符.     

Electronic properties of the surface of perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride film upon deposition of the ultrathin conjugated layers of Pyronine B

Ultrathin conjugated layers of Pyronine B were thermally deposited in UHV on the surface of perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PTCDA) film. The structure of unoccupied electron states located 5-20 eV above the Fermi level (E_F) and the surface potential were monitored during the Pyronine B overlayer deposition, using an incident beam of low-energy electrons according to the total current electron spectroscopy (TCS) method. Electronic work function of the PTCDA surface changed from 4.9 ± 0.1 eV, during the Pyronine B deposition due to the change of the contents of the surface layer, until it reached a stable value 4.6 ± 0.1 eV at the Pyronine B film thickness 8-10 nm. The interface dipole corresponds to electron transfer from the Pyronine B overlayer to the PTCDA surface and the polarization in the Pyronine B overlayer was found confined within approximately 1 nm near the interfaces. The edges of major bands of density of unoccupied electronic states (DOUS) of PTCDA substrate and of the Pyronine B overlayer were unaffected by the process of the interface formation. The major TCS spectral features of the Pyronine B film corresponding to the DOUS band edges were identified and the assignment of the π^*, σ^*(C-C) and σ^*(CC) character was suggested.     

Neural control of vocalization: Respiratory and emotional influences

Previous research has shown that a region of the midbrain, the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), is critical for vocalization. In this review, we describe the results of previous investigations in which we sought to find out how PAG neurons integrate the activity and precise timing of respiratory, laryngeal, and oral muscle activity for natural-sounding vocalization using the technique of excitatory amino acid microinjections in cats. In these studies, all surgical procedures were carried out under deep anaesthesia. In the precollicular decerebrate cat two general types of vocalization, classified as voiced and unvoiced, could be evoked by exciting neurons in the lateral part of the intermediate part of the PAG. The patterns of evoked electromyographic activity were strikingly similar to previously reported patterns of human muscle activity. Coordinated patterns of activity were evoked with just-threshold excitation leading to the conclusion that patterned muscle activity corresponding to the major categories of voiced and voiceless sound production are represented in the PAG. In a parallel series of human and animal experiments, we also determined that the speech and vocalization respiratory patterns are integrated and coordinated with afferent signals related to lung volume. These data have led to the proposal of a new hypothesis for the neural control of vocalization: that the PAG is a crucial brain site for mammalian voice production, not only in the production of emotional or involuntary sounds, but also as a generator of specific respiratory and laryngeal motor patterns essential for human speech and song     

基于不同模型的土壤有机质含量高光谱反演比较分析

以新疆奇台县为研究区域,选取该县40个土壤样本,采用多元线性逐步回归法和人工神经网络法两种方法分别建立了土壤有机质含量的反演模型,并对模型进行了检验。结果发现：不同模型的精度值各异,其拟合效果从高到低依次为人工神经网络(ANNs)集成模型＞单个人工神经网络(ANNs)模型＞多元逐步回归(MLSR)模型。人工神经网络的线性和非线性逼近能力较强,而其集成模型作为提高反演模型精度的重要手段,相关系数高达0.938,均方根误差和总均方根误差最小,分别仅为2.13和1.404,对土壤有机质含量的预测能力与实测光谱非常接近,分析结果达到了较实用的预测精度,为最优拟合模型。     

Simultaneous Brownian motion of N particles in a temperature gradient

A system of N Brownian particles suspended in a nonuniform heat bath is treated as a thermodynamic system with internal degrees of freedom, in this case their velocities and coordinates. Applying the scheme of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, one then easily obtains the Fokker-Planck equation for simultaneous Brownian motion of N particles in a temperature gradient. This equation accounts for couplings in the motion as a result of hydrodynamic interactions between particles.     

String Cosmological Solutions with O(d,d) Duality Symmetry and Matter Coupling

The duality properties of string cosmology model with negative energy matter are investigated by means of renormalization group equation,the cosmological solutions with exotic matter coupling are obtained in D=d+1 dimensional space-time.These inflation-power solutions can describe accelerated and decelerated process in the early universe,and the duality solutions can be generated through O(d,d) transformations.     

Density Waves in One-Dimensional Granular Flows Driven by Non-Uniform Force Field

We introduce a non-uniform gravity-like force field to control the granular flow state in a quasi-onedimensional system, and study the system by the molecular dynamics simulation. We find that the granular flow under non-uniform force field can be well described by a density wave with fixed time period if a fixed particle number condition is used. The base frequency of the density wave does not depend on the position of the flow, while both the average density and oscillation amplitude of the flow vary continuously with the position. The formation of the density wave results from the aggregation of the granules in the decelerated region and the feed-back mechanism in the fixed particle number condition.     

Effects of ultrasound on Microcystis aeruginosa cell destruction and release of intracellular organic matter

Harmful algal blooms negatively impact ecosystems and threaten drinking water sources. One potential method to effectively counteract algal blooms is ultrasonication. However, ultrasonication can easily lead to the release of intracellular organic matter (IOM). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the destruction of algal cells and IOM release at different ultrasound frequencies. Microcystis aeruginosa cells were ultrasonicated at 20 kHz with an intensity of 0.038 W/mL, 740 kHz with an intensity of 0.113 W/mL, and 1120 kHz with an intensity of 0.108 W/mL. The IOM release was detected by fluorescence spectroscopy in addition to the more commonly used haemocytometry and optical density. After ultrasonication for 15 min, the removal rate of algal cells reached 10.5% at 20 kHz, 9.46% at 740 kHz, and 35.4% at 1120 kHz. The 20 kHz and 740 kHz ultrasound caused local damage to algal cells and then disrupted them, whereas the 1120 kHz ultrasound directly disrupted most algal cells. The extracellular organic matter (EOM), which was increased by ultrasonication, mainly consisted of protein-like compounds, chlorophyll, and a small amount of humic-like substances. Gas vacuoles had been destructed before the cells were broken, as indicated by the decrease of cell size and the wrinkles on the cell surface. Moreover, the removal of algae cells while upholding integrity is more conducive to the safety of the water environment.     

Dynamics of a two-frequency parametrically driven duffing oscillator

Summary We investigate the transition from two-frequency quasiperiodicity to chaotic behavior in a model for a quasiperiodically driven magnetoelastic ribbon. The model system is a two-frequency parametrically driven Duffing oscillator. As a driving parameter is increased, the route to chaos takes place in four distinct stages. The first stage is a torus-doubling bifurcation. The second stage is a transition from the doubled torus to a strange nonchaotic attractor. The third stage is a transition from the strange nonchaotic attractor to a geometrically similar chaotic attractor. The final stage is a hard transition to a much larger chaotic attractor. This latter transition arises as the result of acrisis, the characterization of which is one of our primary concerns. Numerical evidence is given to indicate that the crisis arises from the collision of the chaotic attractor with the stable manifold of a saddle torus. Intermittent bursting behavior is present after the crisis with the mean time between bursts scaling as a power law in the distance from the critical control parameter; τ ∼ (A-A_c)^-α. The critical exponent is computed numerically, yielding the value α=1.03±0.01. Theoretical justification is given for the computed critical exponent. Finally, a Melnikov analysis is performed, yielding an expression for transverse crossings of the stable and unstable manifolds of the crisis-initiating saddle torus.