高温法和烘箱法测定水体中总氮的比较

分别采用烘箱法和高压蒸汽消解法对纯水和电解质溶液中的含氮有机化合物进行了消解,并用镉铜还原法测定了溶液中总氮的含量。实验表明,这两种消解方式无显著性差异,可以采用烘箱法代替压力蒸汽消毒器在电解质溶液中对含氮有机化合物进行消解,且烘箱法操作简单。     

直接内重整熔融碳酸盐燃料电池中甲烷蒸汽重整催化剂探索性研究

选择甲烷蒸汽重整催化剂用于直接内重整熔融碳酸盐燃料电池(DIR-MCFC)中,并考察了DIR-MCFC的性能,讨论了电池放电量、气体压力、燃料气进料水/碳比(S/C)等因素对该催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,重整催化剂能够满足电池放电需求;放电量大小影响电池内的H2含量,但对CH4含量影响不大;当气体压力为0.36MPa时...     

生物油水蒸气气化实验研究

利用固定床反应器对生物油的水蒸气非催化气化性能进行了实验研究,考察了温度和水蒸气的加入量对气化过程的影响,对气化所得粗合成气的组成分布进行了分析。结果表明,升高温度有利于生物油向合成气转化,1 200 ℃时,生物油的碳转化率可达97.8%,合成气有效成分(H₂+CO)的产率可达77%,其中H₂/CO摩尔比为1.19;水蒸气的加入可以提高合成气中的H₂/CO摩尔比,当S/C(水碳比)=4时,合成气中的H₂/CO摩尔比可达3.69,与此同时,水蒸气的加入不利于合成气有效成分产率的提高;生物油气化所得气体为中热值气体。     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的研究

燃料电池作为一种无污染、高效率的能源引起世界各大汽车公司的广泛关注[1,2]。用于燃料电池的燃料目前研究较多的是氢气,用氢气作燃料存在储存、安全、运输等问题,寻求合适贮氢方法或替代燃料,实现车载制氢是解决问题的办法。甲醇作为液体燃料,因具有高能量密度,低碳含量,以及运输和贮存等优势成为车载制氢的理想燃料,甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应也成为研究的热点[3～10]。车载制氢对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应体系中的产氢速率,氢气和CO的含量都有一定的要求。尤其对CO含量要求更为苛刻,因CO易引起燃料电池阳极催化剂中毒[11,12]。因此,开…     

Production of hydrogen by oxidative steam reforming of methanol over Cu/SiO2 catalysts

Selective production of hydrogen by oxidative steam reforming of methanol (OSRM) was studied over Cu/SiO₂ catalyst using fixed bed flow reactor. Textural and structural properties of the catalyst were analyzed by various instrumental methods. TPR analysis illustrates that the reduction temperature peak was observed between 510?K and 532?K at various copper loadings and calcination temperatures and the peaks shifted to higher temperature with increasing copper loading and calcination temperature. The XRD and XPS analysis demonstrates that the copper existed in different oxidation states at different conditions: Cu₂O, Cu⁰, CuO and Cu(OH)₂ in uncalcined sample; CuO in calcined sample: Cu₂O and metallic Cu after reduction at 600?K and Cu⁰ and CuO after catalytic test. TEM analysis reveals that at various copper loadings, the copper particle size is in the range between 3.0?nm and 3.8?nm. The Cu particle size after catalytic test increased from 3.6 to 4.8?nm, which is due to the formation of oxides of copper as evidenced from XRD and XPS analysis. The catalytic performance at various Cu loadings shows that with increasing Cu loading from 4.7 to 17.3?wt%, the activity increases and thereafter it decreases. Effect of calcination shows that the sample calcined at 673?K exhibited high activity. The O₂/CH₃OH and H₂O/CH₃OH molar ratios play important role in reaction rate and product distribution. The optimum molar ratios of O₂/CH₃OH and H₂O/CH₃OH are 0.25 and 0.1, respectively. When the reaction temperature varied from 473 to 548?K, the methanol conversion and H₂ production rate are in the range of 21.9–97.5% and 1.2–300.9?mmol?kg^?1?s^?1, respectively. The CO selectivity is negligible at these temperatures. Under the optimum conditions (17.3?wt%, Cu/SiO₂; calcination temperature 673?K; 0.25 O₂/CH₃OH molar ratio, 0.5 H₂O/CH₃OH molar ratio and reaction temperature 548?K), the maximum hydrogen yield obtained was 2.45?mol of hydrogen per mole of methanol. The time on stream stability test showed that the Cu/SiO₂ catalyst is quite stable for 48?h.     

Ni-Cu双金属催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整制氢研究—制备方法对催化性能的影响

我们采用分步浸渍法和共浸渍法制备了一系列的Ni-Cu/mSiO₂催化剂.运用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、H₂-TPR、SEM、TG-DTG等表征手段对催化剂反应前后的物理化学性质进行分析,催化剂对乙醇水蒸气重整（ESR）反应的催化性能通过常压固定床反应器进行评价.结果表明：催化剂的催化性能与载体上的活性组分分散有关,而活性金属的分散性与制备方法有关.共浸渍法制备的催化剂Ni₁₄-Cu/mSiO₂活性组分分散度较高,抗积碳能力与稳定性更好.在质量空速为2.7 h^-1,水醇摩尔比为9,反应温度为550℃的条件下进行稳定性测试,催化剂Ni₁₄-Cu/mSiO₂测试25 h没有出现失活现象,乙醇转化率保持在100%,H₂的选择性保持在70%以上,反应后的积碳含量仅为5.52%.     

小型平板CPL蒸发器预热驱动过程研究

分析了小型平板CPL蒸发器毛细多孔芯上下表面温差对启动的影响,建立了蒸发器满液启动的数学模型.结果表明,对不同的金属外壁,多孔芯上下表面平均温差存在一个最大值,铜壁时,温差较小,侧壁效应明显;采用不锈钢壁及上壁铜、侧壁下壁不锈钢时,温差大,侧壁效应小;采用不锈钢外壁时蒸发器加热面的温度过高.上壁采用导热系数大、侧壁下壁为导热系数小的金属对小型平板CPL蒸发器的正常启动以及降低加热表面温度非常有利.     

基于后向散射模型的蒸汽湿度测量及仿真

为了更加准确地测量出汽轮机末级蒸汽湿度,为锅炉给水量提供依据,促进汽轮机内部除湿技术的发展,采用了后向角散射法的思路设计了湿蒸汽参数测量模型,并对模型所需物理量进行了详细的计算,为后向散射法测量蒸汽湿度的研究提供参考。通过对模型进行仿真模拟以及实验研究,得到了后向散射光光强数据。通过对比仿真模拟数据与实验数据,验证了该模型的可行性与有效性,对光散射法测量蒸汽湿度的实验分析以及工程实践具有重要意义。     

Mathematical modeling of a steam generator for sensor fault detection

A dynamic model for a nuclear power plant steam generator (vertical, preheated, U-tube recirculation-type) is formulated as a sixth-order nonlinear system. The model integrates nodal mass and energy balances for the primary water, the U-tube metal and the secondary water and steam. The downcomer flow is determined by a static balance of momentum. The mathematical system is solved using transient input data from the Philippsburg 2 (FRG) nuclear power plant. The results of the calculation are compared with actual measured values. The proposed model provides a low-cost tool for the automatic control and simulation of the steam generating process. The “parity-space” algorithm is used to demonstrate the applicability of the mathematical model for sensor fault detection and identification purposes. This technique provides a powerful means of generating temporal analytic redundancy between sensor signals. It demonstrates good detection rates of sensor errors using relatively few steps of scanning time and allows the reconfiguration of faulty signals.     

激光金属汽化汽离混合区状态参量的稳定性及其影响因素分析

在汽离混合区激光强度时空修正的基础上,近似求解了流体力学模型下的状态参数,找出了稳定状态参数的共同自洽参量,分析了自洽参量的取值方法,研究了相关参数对自洽参量的影响机制,结果发现:(1)汽离混合区内,状态参量的稳定性可用自洽参量的稳定性来表征;(2)当入射激光强度小于108W.cm-2时,自洽参量随入射激光强度变化相对较快,稳定性差;当激光强度大于108W.cm-2时,自洽参量随入射激光强度变化相对较慢,稳定性高;(3)汽离混合区各处的约化自洽参量随辐照激光的波长成变周期增加的变化,波长越长,约化自洽参量越大;(4)要使自洽参量稳定,纹波较小,宜采取短波激光辐照;(5)当蒸汽压强小于2.7×106Pa时,自洽参量随蒸汽压强成指数递减规律变化;当蒸汽压大于2.7×106Pa时,自洽参量与蒸汽压强之间没有对应关系.